The multiculturalism of modern America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The multiculturalism of modern America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了近代美国的多元文化。美国多元文化的产生同美国历史发展是有很大关系的，任何一个民族和国家的文化都同其历史发展息息相关，美国近代文化同移民文化息息相关，工业化时代的大规模移民更使这一文化特征突出。多元文化自然带来纷繁复杂的政治、文化、社会生活和宗教信仰等各方面的矛盾，并渗透到美国物质文化和精神文化的各个方面，同时工业化和资本主义生产又将这些文化因子糅和在一起，使多元化文化成为美国社会中最显著的文化特征。

Before the founding of the United States, that is, the initial stage of the formation of the American nation, has the characteristics of cultural diversity. Although the dominant culture was English puritanism, the immigration of the thirteen colonies was complex: English, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Swedish and jewish, as well as black African slaves. These people before the war of independence through continuous communication, communication produced a common language, namely English, but it is different from the British native English, not only the tone and stress changes, but also from the Indians, blacks, immigrants from the European continent to absorb many new words, "formed the American English. In terms of lifestyle, the immigrants communicated with each other. They not only adopted the agricultural production mode of Europe, but also learned many production methods from the Indians, as well as the big manor system of slavery in the south. When the first puritans came to America, they tried to create what they considered a "land of hope" for freedom. Later, due to the advantage of the number of puritans and the similarity between the protestant and Puritan religious thoughts in the colonies, Puritan thought and culture gained a dominant position. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Puritan culture was in the dominant position. Although compared with the local Puritan culture, there were many changes, such as mercantilism, individual standard, democratic factor and free factor, which were further emphasized and developed, the Puritan commercial culture gradually formed in the American continent. After the founding, the United States government has not used the Puritan political means to consolidate or the puritanism as the state religion, but ably in the Puritan mercantilism, freedom and democracy, individual standard factors with French country enlightenment ideas together, become the third after Dutch, British capitalist countries, and is least and feudal old culture, the separation of church and state has compared and religious war raged in Europe, it has more democratization and liberalization, and a variety of different religious beliefs and culture can be tolerated. This was reinforced when it proclaimed in the declaration of independence that all men are created equal, entitled to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Puritan thought of diligence, economy, mercantilism and wealth creation had its rationality and progressiveness. It was in line with the progressive thought in the rising period of capitalism, thus gaining the recognition of people from different cultural backgrounds who arrived in America. At the same time, it was strengthened and consolidated in a series of industrial and commercial activities.

The industrial years of the late nineteenth century brought in more immigrants than ever before, and the composition of immigration became more complicated. Religious belief was further complicated by the increase in the number of catholics, orthodox and jews, which was the greatest threat to Puritan culture, especially when it came to the diversity of language and culture. The complicated ethnic relations in Europe moved to the United States, but the ethnic conflicts and religious struggles that could not be solved in Europe could get along well in the United States. The serious ethnic conflicts in the United States were those between caucasians and people of color. A large population of people of different nationalities, different cultures in the creation and accept American industrialized culture at the same time, their culture has been preserved, later in the spirit of the American culture, and as part of the American national culture, thus making diversified culture in the 19th century, another important characteristic of American culture, it is the product of historical development and industrialization of produced under the influence of culture and the culture of immigration.

Politics in the industrial age is an important reason for cultural diversity. Self-government in the gilded age was a typical laissez-faire politics of free capitalism, which originated from the individual standard thought of puritanism. The bill of rights guaranteed the rights of individuals and states and further weakened the powers of the federal government. The expansion of individual powers led to anarchy in the United States. A large number of industrial immigrants started from the interests of capitalists, and the government did not take any measures on the countries, nationalities, religions and other aspects of immigrants. Instead, it allowed the development of immigrants. Except for 1882, the congress restricted Chinese immigrants from entering the country, because Chinese immigrants were opposed by American workers most fiercely. In this period, the government was indifferent to all the problems in the development of the industrialized economy, namely, "self-satisfied, irresponsible, indifferent to social injustices, unwilling to use government power to eliminate abuses and control the unmanageable economy". Perhaps the United States government's willingness to allow society to develop freely by dealing with complex immigration issues was the reason for the rapid Americanization of immigrants, because it allowed them to devote themselves wholeheartedly to the struggle for industrialization and economic interests.

Such politics will inevitably lead to economic freedom and make American society full of opportunities for those who want to get rich. During this period, the United States produced a large number of self-made millionaires, which made its society full of temptation. At the same time, the big capitalists in the United States made unprecedented development of monopoly in pursuit of maximum profits. Many economic and industrial giants emerged in the economic field. They not only controlled the national industrial, commercial and financial activities, but also controlled the national wealth and political life of the United States through trusts or holding companies. This makes the United States at the turn of the century social chaos, more and more social problems and concentrated reflection in the industrialized cities, working class as a result of poor economic struggle worse situation, of the miserable life of slums and extravagance of the large capitalists make justice personage to criticism, women and children's life cause social attention, due to the bankruptcy of agriculture farmers have also rebelled against.

At the turn of the century, most immigrants were Americanized. They began to form different classes in the United States. The working class, the peasant class and the middle class all formed a force that could not be ignored. At this time, the "social justice movement" included struggles between different classes and religious sects. The social struggles in the United States at this time: in addition to the struggle of the workers to establish many organizations and fight for the eight-hour working system, there were also the movement of the third party of the peasants, the struggle of women's demand for the right to vote, and the social activities of various sects in the religious circle, all of which reflected the diversified culture of the society at that time. Since the American government tolerates the existence of these diversified contradictions, it has to carry out some social reforms in the later period of industrialization to alleviate the social contradictions. In the age of industrialization, the United States also accumulated a lot of national and social wealth, which enabled the reform of many public utilities and public welfare. The change and development of religion in this period can best represent the characteristics of diversity. The complexity of immigration brings about the complexity of religion, which is unfavorable to the development of religion in the cultural environment of America that emphasizes practice, pragmatism and advocates the pursuit of worldly wealth. During the last 20 years of the 19th century, the number of catholics increased from less than 6 million to nearly 10 million, and the number of protestants from less than 10 million to nearly 18 million. In 1900 the population of the United States was nearly 76 million. In addition to millions of other religious denominations, there are still many who are not religious or do not belong to the church. In order to attract the masses, various religious sects have made great modifications to their religious doctrines, and many new religious sects have emerged, such as Christian socialism, social evangelicals, Christian psychotherapists, and so on. Most of them preach secular ideas of cooperation, collectivism and democracy. In terms of doctrines, they do not emphasize the concept of "afterlife" but emphasize the rules of "present life" to solve practical social problems. Combine "heaven" with "earth" and emphasize that man's main task is to love, then to love "god". Religious circles in order to attract the masses, a massive campaign among the masses and at the same time for charitable and social welfare activities, such as opening the Gospel hospitals, poor relief, children's club, Sunday school, etc., but in 1900, only more than half of Americans take part in all kinds of the church, that religion preaching idealism has been ignored by the people in the United States, due to the separation of church and state, the society allows a variety of different religious churches, coexist, make its own devices. American society due to the multi-ethnic brought to a variety of different religion, at the same time affected by American society and produce many sects, also includes many pretty benighted sect, the adverse impact on society, society also produce different kinds of social ideological trend, pragmatism, transcendentalist, social Darwinism, marxism in American society. Because immigrants have different ethnic groups, religions, cultural backgrounds and cultural levels, they have different needs for religion and social thought. In order to meet the requirements of different people, various religious sects have to cross the sea of eight immortals to show their talents and compete and reform.

The reform of public education in the United States represents the common requirements of the various immigrants who are integrated into the United States. Due to a lack of labor in the United States, industrialization indiscriminately to attract a large number of immigrants, most of these immigrants is the European farmers in rural or urban underclass, cultural education level is relatively low, basically is illiterate, though they use their own practice to make amazing achievements of industrialization in the United States, after decades of production practice, they also accumulated many experience of industrialization, but the lack of education and knowledge to make them in the industrialized s its big suffer, so they require to Americanized education of their children. It was generally accepted that education was essential to a democratic society, and American education developed rapidly at the end of the nineteenth century at the request of the public. In 1870, there were only 160 public middle schools in the country. By the end of the 19th century, the number had increased to 6,000. Educational development reduced the illiteracy rate from about 17 percent in 1880 to about 11 percent in 1900. In 1900, there were more than 9,000 public libraries in China, and the number and types of books and newspapers increased by tens to one hundred times. In the last 20 years of the 19th century, there were nearly 150 more colleges and universities nationwide. The focus on education was one of the first public concerns of the Americanized immigrants of the late 19th century, reflecting their common aspirations. At the same time, American education also formed its own characteristics. With the efforts of educators like elliott and Dewey, education developed towards pragmatism. Education served for practice and universities were further democratized.

These spiritual cultures of the United States represent the achievements of industrialization and permeate the diverse cultural characteristics of immigrants. Although these cultures have shortcomings and problems in every aspect, they must be created by the American nation in the century after the founding of the United States. These achievements, adds the united nation's cohesion and sense of national pride, they have become a powerful nation and country, and began to actively expand outward, whether for Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines and its interests around the world, the United States and the European powers have produced a series of contradictions, migrate to the United States soon most of the migrants in the conflict, always stand in the side, shows that they have become the united nation, begin to a new country and national attitude interference in global affairs, for Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines and later to take part in the first world war prove their strength.

The culture of the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was created by immigrants together. Both its material culture and spiritual culture are full of the characteristics of diversity, and to a high degree of hybridization, so that great achievements have been made, and this culture is more tolerant of the characteristics. The extreme advocating of individual freedom was strengthened and consolidated after industrialization. This culture was also full of creativity, which was reflected in the national character of Americans, namely, bold attempts and adventures. The history of the United States is very short, there are many cultural gaps, so the industrialization era from different cultural areas of immigrant culture filled in, so that their culture can be preserved. The great wealth accumulated by industrialization enables Americans to create their spiritual culture to fill this gap, but there are still many gaps in their culture, which is one of the reasons for the existence of diversified culture.

For generations of immigrants to the United States, the past is unworthy of nostalgia, the suzerainty is poor and inadequate memories. Born into a background that left them with almost nothing, they set out to create their "American dream" and "land of hope" in the new world. This is the American society's individual standard, the liberalism adventure character aggravates, also causes the American character the realism, the pragmatism to pass on from generation to generation. They work miracles and believe in miracles, "not when, but when." They tolerate the existence of all new things, such a society is undoubtedly democratic, but also preserved many social contradictions, the existence of these contradictions is another feature of their cultural diversity.

Political contradiction is mainly brought about by the "separation of powers", where the contradiction of states' rights with centralized, extreme individualism with the contradiction between the government, the us government for promoting democracy, freedom, to allow the political multipolar power exists, it produces the contradiction is obvious, and led to many social problems, such as America's personal crime was related with this; Separation of church and state and freedom of religion have led to the spread of religion in the United States. For example, cults and other bad religions in the United States have existed for a long time in modern America. They have caused many vicious social events in the United States. The economic contradiction is the struggle between laissez-faire and government intervention, which is a long-standing difference in the American economy. The two sides of the contradiction have gained the upper hand in different times, but this contradiction has been existing and continuing. In social life, the American people's demand for democracy and freedom makes the government guarantee the existence of individualism and liberalism in the society, thus resulting in numerous social contradictions. As the American society excessively tolerates and advocates freedom, it objectively connives at the emergence of social crimes and many undesirable social phenomena.

The complex contradictions in politics, economy, culture and social life are a remarkable feature of American culture. The downside of these contradictions is obvious. Although it also played a number of positive roles, such as making the American society democratic and free for a long time to exist, the United States boasted itself as a "democratic" and "free" country, it did accommodate a variety of different cultures. These diversified cultures and contradictions weaken the principal contradiction of capitalism, whether it is the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie or the contradiction between the private possession of the means of production and the socialization of production.

The emergence of diversified American culture is closely related to the historical development of the United States. The culture of any nation and country is closely related to its historical development. The modern American culture is closely related to the immigrant culture. Nature of diversified culture the complicated political, economic, cultural, religious beliefs, social life and so on various aspects of contradiction, and permeate all aspects of the material culture and spiritual culture in the United States, and the cultural industrialization and capitalist production and factor them together, make the diversified culture become the most prominent cultural characteristics in American society. Contemporary American cultural scholars change their cultural features from the former "melting pot" theory to the "platter" theory, affirming different national cultures and taking pride in their colorful and diversified cultures.

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