Management thought during the British industrial revolution

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Management thought during the British industrial revolution，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国工业革命时期的管理思想。英国工业革命是世界近代史上具有重大影响的历史事件，作为工业革命的发起国，英国不仅在工业领域取得了重大进步，甚至在思想和社会领域，工业革命直接促进了管理思想的形成发展，改变了组织生产方式，衍生出许多早起的管理思想。

Caused the industrial revolution of the change of the mode of production organization, organization began to replace the original family workshops, large factory since 18th century, the mercantilist rise and gradually dominated, commercial trade is the main economic activities of the British, and promote the development of Britain's industrial revolution, the early family contract system was replaced by the factory system, the need for leadership and organization, is put forward and the past is not the same management problem. The actions of government officials are not dictated by interests. They make the government bureaucracy run smoothly without considering the cost and competition. The military through the strict hierarchy of military discipline, the supreme military authority to control a large number of personnel purposes; however, under the new factory system, it is difficult to rationally use and integrate various resources. Managers cannot use any of the above methods to achieve the final results. So the industrial revolution posed a new challenge to management.

In the early factories, the system and management mode at that time were closely organized like the army, and the disharmonious relationship between managers and employees became the normal state. After capitalists solved the capital and equipment, they had to face the problem of labor force. Because of a severe shortage of skilled workers, factory workers include people from all walks of life. It is undoubtedly extremely difficult for these untrained workers to adapt themselves to the production of a large industry with a high speed of rotation. Capitalists must educate and train them to operate strictly according to the efficiency of the machine, so that every day individuals work like machines, while employees feel inhuman treatment in their work. They are not respected, and under the pain of being whipped, they have to face the punishment of being fined and fired. This makes them hate machines. Some of the workers even destroyed the goods and went to the capital's houses to burn all the goods in their houses. Although laws were enacted to prevent riots, they became more serious and repression became more severe, wreaking havoc on industrial development and productivity. At that time, capitalists' main interest was to sell their products, rather than to make a good system. Therefore, in the face of workers' strike and resistance to the destruction of machines, managers are forced to start thinking about the problems of labor force in management.

At the time of the factory management, the requirement of management become more and more strict, the factory in addition to management and the problem of good control of costs and benefits, product quality and control problem, appeared on the problem of the effective management of people, how to coordinate to deal with these three questions, poses challenges to the managers, the managers usually is promoted up the workers had no education workers, was the cause of their was promoted to a higher technical level and have the ability to maintain order and discipline. Entrepreneurs also tend to put their relatives in management positions, with some managers coming from the accounting department. In the early days of factories, the problem of finding and developing management talent was acute. At that time, no business school provided managers and there was no systematic plan to train people to be managers. It can be said that there is no management class in the transformation of Britain from an agricultural country to an industrial society. Various industries have established standards and put forward Suggestions on the safety responsibility of managers, safety of factories and equipment, design standards of engineering and procedures to be followed in safeguarding the interests of owners. James Montgomery of Glasgow, Scotland, wrote perhaps the earliest management textbook. But his advice for cotton spinning industry, rather than try to put forward any general management principles, which makes those who retired from the team had no education and training have no experience of the underlying managers have rules to follow, can only use simple and crude way to manage and control of workers, ignore the importance of scientific management, have intensified the contradiction of employment relationship, make labor relations deteriorating, in this case, the capitalists have to take into account management is an important problem.

The industrial revolution created a new cultural environment and a range of different management problems. Some early management pioneers came up with solutions to the growing factory system.

The historian Arnold Toynbee has said that the two men who did the most to destroy the old England, to create a New England and to industrialize the world were watt, who revolutionized the steam engine, and Adam Smith, who revolutionized economic thought. His main representative work "the wealth of nations" involves the person's question, the book is the formation of theoretical system of capitalist commodity economy, there is comprehensive, it is on the basis of the comprehensive thorough analysis on the commodity economy, the wealth of capitalism as a center, puts forward the fundamental and the key is to solve the problem of economic issues, namely, human nature. People all have bad habits, they are engaged in labor work is based on the pursuit of interests, this is the so-called economic man. Also involves the problem of labor division in the book, he analyzed the nation's wealth and division of labor, the relationship between the capitalist wealth to improve, it is necessary to improve labor productivity, and Smith is put forward to improve labor productivity is the key to clear and effective job management of labor division, this specific placement create positions not only improves the work efficiency, also make the workers in their full-time jobs start thinking about how to improve the labor tools, etc. Smith's theory of division of labor greatly improve the plant production efficiency, to increase the national wealth, to the later scholars research in the management work efficiency provides a good idea, but although he is a general study of the social division of labor, the relationship between productivity and national wealth, but no further their corresponding social relations, has a certain historic. Saie enriched Adam Smith's thought and combined management with the three traditional production elements of land, labor and capital to form the four production elements. David ricardo made a significant supplement to Smith's theory and put forward the iron law of wages and the hypothesis of the mob. However, these theories did not deviate from Smith's theoretical system, but their filling and improvement of Smith's model proved that Smith's vision of long-term development and the greatness of his thoughts are irreplaceable.

Owen is a self-made entrepreneur. Is known as "the father of modern personnel management," Owen at the age of 18, established its own factories in Manchester Owen's company is highly profitable, but he decided to do a paid manager, thus to sell their equipment to the DE link walter and employed by him, and Michael Owen may think at that time is not the owner of the entrepreneur can manage the plant, Owen alone by DE link walter authorization management of the factory, and make the factory succeeded, Owen is among the first should be the separation of operation right and ownership of enterprises are put forward, he is also the earliest professional enterprises to put them into practice. After Owen left the link walter factory, established a new planar g factory in Scotland, Owen, after establishing new planar g factory long before Mayo to the lives of the workers and working environment are studied, namely new planar two experiments of the factory, for the workers in the factory provides a good working environment, invented the "silent monitor", to encourage, to persuade, and gave very attention to education. All these embody Owen's idea that "man is the product of environment". Planted the seeds the human element of the first industry, he is considered the father of the modern personnel management, research is focused on homework, Tyler school their ultimate purpose is to improve the production efficiency, ignore the human factor, and the human relations school too much emphasis on the role of interpersonal relations to ignore the reasonable ingredients in Tyler school, Owen said: "once realized the dead machine can be greatly improved if got strong strong, recognize the true way of financial management is to maintain the cleanliness of the machine, often add one of the best materials to prevent unnecessary friction, and make appropriate arrangements to keep the good condition, he will naturally come to a conclusion: More delicate and if the cultivation of the complex machinery of the live strong, positive and promising also can get the improvement of the same, if keep it clean, treat each other with the kind of attitude, make its spiritual activities not suffered too many stimulating friction, try every way to make it more perfect, often adequate supply of hygienic food and other necessities to make its body to keep good work performance, not neglect or premature failure, it is proved to be true wealth." Owen had no particular passion for either, but had applied the two in the right way, and the right way might have been the key to his success in the factory. Although Owen, a visionary, failed in the end, no one could deny the value of his management thoughts and methods, which had a profound impact on the development of management science.

Babbage thought also has many similarities and Taylor, babbage in his 1832 book the classic "theory of machines and manufacturing economy," mentioned in the preface: "I in the past decade has been attracted to visit the UK and continental Europe many factories and workshops, to be familiar with the process, the machine in the process, I involuntarily put me in the study of other natural formation of the various general principles applied to these factories and workshops." 1913 Taylor said in "the principles of scientific management", "some people education so that they had got into the habit of generalization and look for patterns everywhere, when these people met in each line are very similar and many of the problems, they inevitably try to classify these problems logically, and to find solutions to these problems some general rules and rules to", here can say babbage thought laid the foundation of scientific management thoughts, whether Taylor or babbage, there exist in all saw their early management of some of the same rule, the constant exploration and practice. On the basis of babbage's thought, Taylor extended and developed Smith's division of labor thought, put forward the general rules of enterprise management, and analyzed the reasons why division of labor can improve efficiency and the system of fixed salary and profit sharing to solve the problem of labor contradiction, which all made contributions to the development of management thought.

Andrew yur, a pioneer in early management education, was an apologist for the factory. In his book the philosophy of manufacturing, he mentioned that there were three types of organic systems in every factory. In addition, dupin, a French management scientist, was influenced by yule's thoughts, and his views on management also influenced fayol, although there was no direct historical evidence to prove it. Fayol is widely regarded as the first person to distinguish between technical skills and management skills, and the possibility and necessity of teaching management knowledge. However, a careful study of a passage dubin wrote 80 years ago reads: "it is appropriate that the heads of the shops and factories should use geometry and applied mechanics to study in detail all the ways in which Labour might be saved... Physical labor is secondary to leadership. It must have been his intellectual abilities which occupied the high office, and he must have developed them under the guidance of an educational institution such as the vocational college of the arts. Durbin was teaching in France, where fayol, who was educated as an engineer, may have read durbin's work and formed his own view of teaching management.

Review these early management thinking, why then did not form management ideology, like a robot, Mayo, method about the management of the total achievement can say in 18 th-century Britain can see shadows, but why is known as the father of scientific management, Taylor rather than babbage, this may be related to the specific historical environment at that time, at the time of the production conditions, managers pay more attention to the financial, production, sales and Labour, so early work emphasizes the technology, rather than management itself. And at a time when technological geniuses, inventors, and factory founders dominate, success or failure is more likely to be attributed to their personal characteristics than to any general idea of the skills needed by managers. Finally, consider the technology of knowledge dissemination, when few people could read, education was expensive, and babbage, durbin, and yul's work was unlikely to be widely read by managers in practice. Nevertheless, their guiding and exemplary role cannot be ignored, and they have inspired other scholars to further analyze this emerging thinking.

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