服务承诺
资金托管
原创保证
实力保障
24小时客服
使命必达
51Due提供Essay，Paper，Report，Assignment等学科作业的代写与辅导，同时涵盖Personal Statement，转学申请等留学文书代写。
51Due将让你达成学业目标51Due将让你达成学业目标51Due将让你达成学业目标51Due将让你达成学业目标私人订制你的未来职场 世界名企，高端行业岗位等 在新的起点上实现更高水平的发展
积累工作经验
多元化文化交流
专业实操技能
建立人际资源圈Decision-Making: A Neuroeconomic Perspective--论文代写范文精选
2016-03-31 来源: 51due教员组 类别: Paper范文
51Due论文代写网精选paper代写范文：“” 论文从哲学的角度论述了新生的神经经济学领域,是研究神经机制参与决策，了解其经济意义。通过一定的调查方式，解释哲学、经济学和心理学,回顾神经经济学的许多重要发现，表明作为选择的个体决策。最后主要是由决策理性展示。思想家如威廉·詹姆斯指出，选择是生活的中心，许多学科意图正确决策也就不足为奇。哲学、心理学和经济学的矛盾，决策的本质条件使其理性。
回顾不同解释的决定，将有利于神经经济学在理论水平的重要性。哲学家亚里士多德反映，在精神哲学,决策的标准概念相当于一个动作。根据许多分析和推断,如果有人意图行为，然后以一定的态度和信念,他可以认为他的行为是可取的。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。
Abstract
Language is a uniquely human behaviour, which has presented unique adaptive problems. Prominent among these is the transmission of information that may affect an individual’s reputation. The possibility of punishment of those with a low reputation by absent third parties has created a selective pressure on human beings that is not shared by any other species. This has led to the evolution of unique cognitive structures that are capable of handling such a novel adaptive challenge. One of these, we argue, is the propositional theory of mind, which enables individuals to model, and potentially manipulate, their own reputation in the minds of other group members, by representing the beliefs that others have about the first party’s intentions and actions. Support for our theoretical model is provided by an observational study on tattling in two preschools, and an experimental study of giving under threat of gossip in a dictator game.
Keywords: Evolution of Language; Gossip; Indirect Reciprocity; Reputation; Theory of Mind
Language makes humans unique. Other animals employ complex systems of communication (Hauser, 1997), but their communicative signals are indexical in reference (Deacon, 1997). As with non-verbal communication in humans, the reference of animal signals inheres in the drawing of attention to the presence of a stimulus. The stimulus referred to may be internal, such as dominance/submission displays in dogs (Lorenz, 1966, Figure 3) or emotional signals in humans (Ekman, 1999). Or the stimulus may be external, such as predator alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990), the waggle dance in honeybees (Dyer, 2002), or pointing in humans (Kita, 2003).
Alone among animals, humans employ an additional, symbolic mode of communication in the form of language: human communicative signals do not always refer to stimuli directly, but may refer to other combinations of symbols (Deacon, 1997). The use of recursive symbols means that, in addition to drawing attention to a present state of affairs in the world, humans can use language to describe past states of affairs, predict future states, and fabricate counterfactual states. This important design feature of language is called displacement (Crystal, 1997, pp. 400–401, following Hockett, 1960). Language has doubtless helped humans to produce great cultural achievements: information about past innovations, for example in the production of stone tools, can be stored in the form of language and fed into the development of new innovations. Less obvious, perhaps, are the adaptive problems that language has created.
Displacement means that individuals have to be concerned not only with the reactions of direct witnesses to their actions, but also with the potential reactions of many other individuals to whom the witnesses may communicate information about their actions. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that another uniquely human competence – our highly developed theory of mind – evolved in response to this adaptive problem. We argue that language enabled the development of systems of indirect reciprocity, in which absent third parties punished individuals for negative behaviour towards others. We briefly present two recent studies by the authors that offer supporting evidence for this hypothesis. Young children’s language when they report other children’s behaviour shows design features, such as honesty and negative bias, which ensure that absent third-party punishment is effective. And in adults, selfish behaviour in the dictator game is inhibited by the threat of gossip about such behaviour. We surmise that a sophisticated, propositional theory of mind is responsible for implementing this inhibition.
Gossip and indirect reciprocity Recently, two important areas of scientific research have opened up in relation to the evolution of uniquely human behaviour. One area of research has focused on the role of language in the expansion of human group sizes; the other has examined the theoretical conditions necessary for the evolution of cooperation in large groups. Our main aim in this section is to show that these two independent areas of research are systematically related. As Nowak and Sigmund (2005, p. 1295) put it: “The co-evolution of human language and cooperation by indirect reciprocity is a fascinating and as yet unexplored topic.” Dunbar (1993; 2004a; 2004b) proposes that a propensity towards a specific kind of language – namely, gossip about other social agents – enabled the evolution of complex human societies.
The size of other primate societies, according to Dunbar, is limited by the amount of time that they can devote to the practice of social grooming, which serves to reinforce social bonds and communicate emotional information between allies. In humans, a selective pressure towards larger group sizes led to the evolution of language as an adaptation which could perform similar functions to grooming, in maintaining group cohesion, but which was better suited to being deployed in a distributed manner across a large social group. This was partly because language enabled our ancestors to communicate social information to more than one individual at a time, and partly because it enabled our ancestors to communicate strategic information about the behaviour of absent third parties. In this chapter we focus on the latter activity, which we consider to be broadly synonymous with gossip
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
更多paper代写范文欢迎访问我们主页 www.51due.com 当然有paper代写需求可以和我们24小时在线客服QQ:800020041 联系交流。-X
回顾不同解释的决定，将有利于神经经济学在理论水平的重要性。哲学家亚里士多德反映，在精神哲学,决策的标准概念相当于一个动作。根据许多分析和推断,如果有人意图行为，然后以一定的态度和信念,他可以认为他的行为是可取的。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。
Abstract
Language is a uniquely human behaviour, which has presented unique adaptive problems. Prominent among these is the transmission of information that may affect an individual’s reputation. The possibility of punishment of those with a low reputation by absent third parties has created a selective pressure on human beings that is not shared by any other species. This has led to the evolution of unique cognitive structures that are capable of handling such a novel adaptive challenge. One of these, we argue, is the propositional theory of mind, which enables individuals to model, and potentially manipulate, their own reputation in the minds of other group members, by representing the beliefs that others have about the first party’s intentions and actions. Support for our theoretical model is provided by an observational study on tattling in two preschools, and an experimental study of giving under threat of gossip in a dictator game.
Keywords: Evolution of Language; Gossip; Indirect Reciprocity; Reputation; Theory of Mind
Language makes humans unique. Other animals employ complex systems of communication (Hauser, 1997), but their communicative signals are indexical in reference (Deacon, 1997). As with non-verbal communication in humans, the reference of animal signals inheres in the drawing of attention to the presence of a stimulus. The stimulus referred to may be internal, such as dominance/submission displays in dogs (Lorenz, 1966, Figure 3) or emotional signals in humans (Ekman, 1999). Or the stimulus may be external, such as predator alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990), the waggle dance in honeybees (Dyer, 2002), or pointing in humans (Kita, 2003).
Alone among animals, humans employ an additional, symbolic mode of communication in the form of language: human communicative signals do not always refer to stimuli directly, but may refer to other combinations of symbols (Deacon, 1997). The use of recursive symbols means that, in addition to drawing attention to a present state of affairs in the world, humans can use language to describe past states of affairs, predict future states, and fabricate counterfactual states. This important design feature of language is called displacement (Crystal, 1997, pp. 400–401, following Hockett, 1960). Language has doubtless helped humans to produce great cultural achievements: information about past innovations, for example in the production of stone tools, can be stored in the form of language and fed into the development of new innovations. Less obvious, perhaps, are the adaptive problems that language has created.
Displacement means that individuals have to be concerned not only with the reactions of direct witnesses to their actions, but also with the potential reactions of many other individuals to whom the witnesses may communicate information about their actions. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that another uniquely human competence – our highly developed theory of mind – evolved in response to this adaptive problem. We argue that language enabled the development of systems of indirect reciprocity, in which absent third parties punished individuals for negative behaviour towards others. We briefly present two recent studies by the authors that offer supporting evidence for this hypothesis. Young children’s language when they report other children’s behaviour shows design features, such as honesty and negative bias, which ensure that absent third-party punishment is effective. And in adults, selfish behaviour in the dictator game is inhibited by the threat of gossip about such behaviour. We surmise that a sophisticated, propositional theory of mind is responsible for implementing this inhibition.
Gossip and indirect reciprocity Recently, two important areas of scientific research have opened up in relation to the evolution of uniquely human behaviour. One area of research has focused on the role of language in the expansion of human group sizes; the other has examined the theoretical conditions necessary for the evolution of cooperation in large groups. Our main aim in this section is to show that these two independent areas of research are systematically related. As Nowak and Sigmund (2005, p. 1295) put it: “The co-evolution of human language and cooperation by indirect reciprocity is a fascinating and as yet unexplored topic.” Dunbar (1993; 2004a; 2004b) proposes that a propensity towards a specific kind of language – namely, gossip about other social agents – enabled the evolution of complex human societies.
The size of other primate societies, according to Dunbar, is limited by the amount of time that they can devote to the practice of social grooming, which serves to reinforce social bonds and communicate emotional information between allies. In humans, a selective pressure towards larger group sizes led to the evolution of language as an adaptation which could perform similar functions to grooming, in maintaining group cohesion, but which was better suited to being deployed in a distributed manner across a large social group. This was partly because language enabled our ancestors to communicate social information to more than one individual at a time, and partly because it enabled our ancestors to communicate strategic information about the behaviour of absent third parties. In this chapter we focus on the latter activity, which we consider to be broadly synonymous with gossip
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
更多paper代写范文欢迎访问我们主页 www.51due.com 当然有paper代写需求可以和我们24小时在线客服QQ:800020041 联系交流。-X
