Policy Environment of Youth Employment--论文代写范文精选

有各种类型的SYEP工作,包括在夏令营工作,日托中心,政府机构,医院、律师事务所、博物馆、和零售组织等。稍后我们将讨论,将近一半的SYEP工作是在夏令营或日托中心。下面的paper代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
During the years we study (2005 to 2008), SYEP provided NYC youth between the ages of 14 and 21 with paid summer employment for up to seven weeks in July and August.8 Since the 1960s, NYC has been helping fund summer jobs for youth, and the NYC DYCD began running the program in 2003. Since 2005, DYCD has stored computerized records of applications, which were made available for this research. Because SYEP ran the program on its own, without researchers’ involvement, we are evaluating an existing government program (as opposed to evaluating a randomized experiment designed by researchers). SYEP places participants in entry-level jobs and pays them the NYS minimum wage for working up to 25 hours per week during the summer.9 The NYC government funds the program and its administration, including the wages of SYEP participants in their summer jobs. In 2005 to 2008, the mean expenditure per SYEP participant per time participating in SYEP was $1,403 (including both wages paid to participants and administrative costs). During these years, more than half of SYEP funding came from NYC; over a third of funding was provided by NYS; and less than 10 percent was provided by the federal government through the Workforce Investment Act.

There are various types of SYEP jobs, including jobs at summer camps, daycare centers, government agencies, hospitals, law firms, museums, and retail organizations. As we discuss later, nearly half of SYEP jobs are at summer camps or day care centers. In 2005 to 2008, 74.68 percent of the jobs were with non-profit, private sector firms; 10.95 percent were with for-profit, private sector firms; and 14.37 were with government entities. Thus, the program is typically closer to what previous literature has called a “Work Experience” program, in which individuals are given temporary private sector jobs, than to “Public Sector Employment” program, in which individuals are given a government job (e.g. Heckman, Lalonde, and Smith 1999; Lalonde 2003). 

All NYC youth who are able to provide certain documentation are eligible to apply for SYEP. In order to be eligible, applicants must show proof of identity using an official picture ID; proof of employment authorization; proof of age; proof of Social Security Number using a Social Security card; working papers for those under 18 (called a Blue Card for those 14-15 and a Green Card for those 16-17); proof of citizenship/alien status; proof of address; proof of family income; and a signed SYEP application. Males 18 and older are required to show proof of Selective Service registration.10 SYEP is administered by community-based organizations called “providers,” which contract with DYCD to place SYEP participants into worksites and administer the program. Participants typically do not work directly for providers, but rather typically work for the employers to which providers match participants. 

During the summer, the providers also give participants approximately 17.5 hours of workshops on job readiness, career exploration, financial literacy and opportunities to continue education. In 2005 to 2008, the mean total number of employers at which SYEP participants worked in any given year is 5,290. In these years, the mean number of SYEP participants working for a given SYEP employer is 5.69. In a given year, applicants to SYEP apply through a specific SYEP provider. 11 Individuals choose which provider to apply to; applicants typically choose a provider located near their home. In a given year, an applicant applies to only one provider and is unable to apply to other providers at any point in that year. They apply for the program online or at a SYEP provider during the application period, usually early-April to mid-May of the program year. Since there are more applicants than available slots in each year, the individuals who are allowed to participate in SYEP are selected by lottery. 

There are 62 SYEP providers in our data. Within each provider, there is a lottery to determine which individuals are selected for SYEP. Thus, winning the lottery is random conditional on applying to a given provider. In each year, SYEP selected applicants through a series of lotteries. In an initial lottery, SYEP randomly selected winners and losers, where the number of winners was chosen to match the number of SYEP jobs available. However, not all of the individuals selected through this initial lottery participated in SYEP. Selected individuals may have chosen not to participate or failed to prove eligibility to participate. 

In order to fill the remaining slots, SYEP providers conducted subsequent lotteries. In each lottery, the number of winners was selected in order to match the number of remaining jobs at the SYEP provider, until the number of SYEP enrollees approximately matched the number of available jobs. We obtained data from SYEP on both the winners and losers of the initial SYEP lottery, and (separately) on the identities of those who won any of the lotteries in a given year and provider (as well as the identities of those who lost all lotteries in a given year and provider). 

For an applicant to a given SYEP provider, if a lottery occurred and s/he had not won a slot yet or had won a slot previously but did not accept it, s/he was automatically entered into the subsequent lottery. Individuals were not able to withdraw their applications after the application deadline, nor were they able to enter subsequent lotteries if they had not applied to the provider by the deadline. Since selection of individuals was random in every lottery conditional on reaching that lottery, the dummy for whether an individual won any of the lotteries is exogenous (as is the dummy for winning the initial lottery). In our baseline specification, our instrument is a dummy for winning any of the lotteries. 12 

In the Appendix we show that the results are similar when our instrument is a dummy for winning the initial lottery (which is a slightly less powerful instrument). In any given year, individuals not selected in any of these lotteries were officially not able to participate in SYEP in that year (though they remained eligible to apply to SYEP in a subsequent year). Winning or losing the lottery in a given year does not affect the probability of winning or losing the lottery in a subsequent year, conditional on applying in the subsequent year. Participating in SYEP in a given year also does not affect the probability of winning or losing the lottery in a subsequent year, conditional on applying in the subsequent year.

For those unable to participate in SYEP, there are occasionally opportunities to participate in comparable government programs, though such opportunities are a small fraction of the size of SYEP.13 For example, NYC runs a Young Adult Internship Program, but this program enrolls only 1,350 participants each year as opposed to the average of over 34,000 enrolled in SYEP per year in our data. It is also worth briefly describing the NYC labor market and youth labor market during the period we study. Average wages vary widely across NYC: Manhattan has the highest average wage of any county in the U.S., whereas the average wage in Brooklyn is around three-quarters of the average wage in the U.S. The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in NYC fell slightly from 6.0 percent in January 2005 to 4.7 percent in January 2008, before rising sharply during the Great Recession to a high of 10.5 percent in January 2010, and then slowly falling to 8.8 percent by December 2012. U.S. youth unemployment also rose sharply during the Great Recession: in January 2005, unemployment among 16-24 yearolds was 11.6 percent; it held fairly steady until January 2008, when it was 11.7 percent; it peaked at 19.5 percent in April 2010; and it slowly fell to 16.6 percent by December 2012.(论文代写)

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