Preventing Multiple Risky Behaviors among Adolescents--论文代写范文

父母应当教如何应对压力,消除强制教育,预防和阻止儿童和青少年从事冒险行为。青少年母亲为育儿技能和教学提供支持。下面的essay代写范文进一步讲述。

OVERVIEW 
  Taking risks is fairly common in adolescence. Yet, risky behaviors can be associated with serious, long-term, and – in some cases – life-threatening consequences. This is especially the case when adolescents engage in more than one harmful behavior. The tendency for risky behaviors to co-occur has been well-studied. However, prevention efforts traditionally have taken a targeted approach, seeking to prevent a single risky behavior. A more powerful and costeffective approach may be to employ strategies designed to address factors associated with multiple risky behaviors. 1 This Research Brief brings together findings from developmental science and from rigorous program evaluations to identify seven actionable, feasible strategies and relevant programs that have been found to affect two or more risky behaviors.

 Support and Strengthen Family Functioning 
  teaching parents how to cope with stress, communicate clear expectations, eliminate coercive parenting, and reward positive behaviors appears to prevent and deter children and youth from engaging in risky behavior.18,19,20,21,22 For example, teaching teen mothers positive parenting skills and providing support while their children are young appears to not only decrease the number of subsequent pregnancies and births among the mothers, but also to improve children’s long-term social development and reproductive health outcomes. 

  NurseFamily Partnership (NFP), 23 a program providing assistance to mothers of young children, has been found in multiple randomized trials to have positive impacts on young mothers (decreasing the likelihood of repeat pregnancies and births, increasing time between births, increasing rates of smoking cessation, and reducing welfare receipt) and also to have long-term positive impacts on their children’s reproductive health and social behavior. In a ten-year follow-up study, adolescent children whose mothers had been randomly assigned to receive the program were found to have fewer sexual partners than did adolescent children whose mothers were randomly assigned to the control group. During middle childhood and adolescence, family strengthening programs that teach parents family management skills have been found to reduce peer conflict, aggression, delinquency, and even substance use.

 Increase Connections between Students and Their Schools 
  Children and youth who feel connected to their schools are less likely to bully or be bullied, to engage in delinquent behavior, and to use drugs and alcohol. Multiple strategies have been found to increase school connectedness.31 Character education represents one approach. 32,33 Character education programs promote positive values, such as treating others fairly, showing others respect and understanding, and displaying empathy, caring and support for others. In this way, the programs seek to foster caring and supportive interpersonal relationships and a positive school climate, as characterized by opportunities to participate in school activities and decision making and shared positive norms, goals, and values.34 All of these characteristics have been associated with positive classroom behavior, 35,36,37,38 lower levels of substance use and delinquency,39 and lower levels of violence and bullying. 

  Findings from evaluations of the Positive Action program 42 (a school-based, social-emotional and character education program for students in grades K- 12) indicate that this intervention reduces school misconduct, truancy, bullying, early sexual activity, and substance use. The program also was found to have positive impacts on math and reading standardized test scores, and a variety of other outcomes. Additional promising strategies to promote school connectedness include encouraging student participation in school-based, extracurricular activities during or after school; 43 promoting teachers’ classroom management skills and better understanding of child and adolescent behavior and development;44 increasing adult supervision in less supervised areas or ―hot spots‖ inside and outside of school; articulating and enforcing explicit school policies that prohibit all forms of antisocial behavior;45,46 and addressing incidences of bullying and disrespectful behavior consistently and with fairness.

 Make Communities Safe and Supportive for Children and Youth 
  Children and youth who live in safe, supportive communities are less likely to use drugs, exhibit aggressive behavior, commit crimes, and drop out of school. Although strong empirical evidence exists to support this association, only a handful of interventions designed to achieve community-level change have been evaluated rigorously. One example of a promising and innovative community-level approach is CeaseFire (http://ceasefirechicago.org).47 Implemented since 1999, this federally-supported, Chicago-based intervention is designed to reduce community violence through street-level outreach and intervention, public education, clergy involvement, law enforcement, and community mobilization. The intervention is unique in two ways. First, it relies heavily on trained outreach workers or ―violence interrupters‖— staff who are former gang members and/or grew up in the same neighborhoods and have a background with life on the streets — to connect and intervene with participants, work to change their behavior, and link them to needed resources. 

  And second, it uses statistical and key informant data to guide programming. These data are used to inform where and with whom to concentrate program efforts and also identify which risk factors to target. The program is designed to intervene with the highest-risk members of a particular community —those with a high chance of either ―being shot or being a shooter‖ in the immediate future. 48 Quasiexperimental evaluations conducted thus far suggest that several Chicago neighborhoods experienced fewer shootings and killings (by 17 to 24 percent), decreases in the size and the intensity of shooting ―hot spots‖ (areas of high volumes of criminal activity), and greater reductions in retaliatory, gang-related murders, relative to matched comparison areas. 

 Promote Involvement in High Quality 
  Out-of-School-Time Programs Involvement in high quality out-of-school-time programs has been linked with decreased drug abuse, delinquency, and sexual risk-taking behaviors. Out-of-school time programs are social and academic enrichment programs for children and youth, often community-based, that are implemented before or after the school day or during the summer months. The program may include tutoring, mentoring, recreational activities, service learning and career development opportunities, and college preparation. A recent study conducted by Child Trends, using data from the Every Child, Every Promise Survey, 53 found that adolescents in high-quality programs were more likely to avoid risky behaviors, to have better performance in school, and to have greater social competence than those who were not enrolled in such programs. 54 High quality afterschool programs offer structured, supervised, and safe opportunities for community involvement and, in turn, reduce opportunities for delinquent and other risky behaviors, which are greatest during the afterschool hours.55 Efforts to improve outcomes for children and youth in out-of-school time programs can benefit from implementing proven practices from the field and assessing program quality program for self-assessment and program improvement.56,57,58 Finally, as described in Strategy Six, research suggests that high quality afterschool programs focused on promoting personal and social skills can reduce rates of drug use and problem behaviors.（essay代写)

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