Interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm--论文代写范文

酒精政策可以被定义为一组措施，旨在减少健康和社会使用酒精的危害。酒精饮料行业也越来越多参与政策领域,以保护自己的商业利益,认为运营商有一定的责任，可以减少酒精的危害。下面的essay代写范文进行讲述。

ABSTRACT 
  There is a substantial evidence base on the effectiveness of different policies in reducing the harm done by alcohol. Policies that regulate the economic and physical availability of alcohol are effective in reducing alcohol-related harm. Enforced legislative measures to reduce drinking and driving and interventions individually directed to drinkers already at risk are also effective. The evidence shows that information and education programmes do not reduce alcohol-related harm; nevertheless, they have a role in providing information, reframing alcohol-related problems and increasing attention to alcohol on the political and public agendas. In all parts of the European Union, population-based interventions represent a highly cost– effective use of resources to reduce alcohol-related harm. Brief interventions for individual high-risk drinkers are also cost–effective, but are harder to scale up because of their associated training and manpower needs.

 Summary 
  Alcohol policies can be defined as sets of measures aimed at minimizing the health and social harms from the use of alcohol, recognizing that other contextual factors also have an impact on alcohol consumption and alcoholrelated harm. Noting that the alcohol beverage industry has become increasingly involved in the policy arena in order to protect its commercial interests, it is argued that the responsibilities of economic operators in reducing the harm done by alcohol should be related to their products, the core of their businesses. Alcohol policy must also allow an expression of voice from civil society to balance other interests which may dominate political decision-making. Supranational common markets and international trade agreements can have an impact on alcohol policy, but pessimistic interpretation of both European Union (EU) and global trade agreements is unwarranted, provided alcohol policy focuses on health objectives rather than any protectionist objectives.

 Harm done by alcohol 
  Both the volume of lifetime alcohol use and a combination of frequency of drinking and amount drunk per occasion increase the risk of a wide range of health and social harm, largely in a dose-dependent manner. At a societal level, the EU is the heaviest drinking region of the world, with over one fifth of the European population aged 15 years and over reporting heavy episodic drinking (defined as five or more drinks on one occasion, or 50g alcohol) at least once a week. Heavy episodic drinking is widespread across all ages and all of Europe. The European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) has the highest proportion of total ill health and premature death due to alcohol in the world, with a very close relationship between a country’s total alcohol consumption per capita and its prevalence of alcohol-related harm and alcohol dependence. This high level of harm hides enormous alcohol-related health inequalities between eastern and western Europe, particularly as regards deaths from injuries. The overall social cost of alcohol to the EU is estimated to be €125 billion per year.

 Raising awareness and political commitment 
  While providing information and education is important to raise awareness and impart knowledge, by themselves information and education do not lead to sustained changes in alcohol-related behaviour. Campaigns and health education messages funded by the alcohol industry seem to have negative effects, serving to advance both the industry’s sales and public relations interests. Although warning labels have little impact on behaviour, they are important in helping to establish a social understanding that alcohol is a special and hazardous commodity. There is evidence of public support for a wide range of alcohol policy measures, although there is still much work to do, given the existing negative views about the potential impact of higher alcohol prices. Although at country level it is ultimately a government’s responsibility to define and be accountable for a clear alcohol policy with targets, an adequate research base and available intelligence systems, the existence of an alcohol policy is not enough. A lack of transparency and information, poor organization and preparation for the introduction of new policies and laws, poor public health infrastructures, vertically as opposed to horizontally organized government, a lack of financing, the presence of corruption and public distrust of authority can all impede the implementation of effective policy.

 Health sector 
  Although brief advice heads the list of effective and cost–effective evidencebased treatment methods, commonly less than 10% of the population at risk of becoming hazardous and harmful drinkers are identified and less than 5% of those who could benefit are offered brief advice. Much is now also understood about the mechanisms for implementing brief advice programmes countrywide. For individuals with more severe alcohol dependence and related problems, a wide variety of specialized treatment approaches have been evaluated, with evidence for their effectiveness for cognitive behavioural and pharmacological therapies.

 Community action 
  Community-based programmes that include education and information campaigns, media advocacy, counter-advertising and health promotion, controls on selling and consumption venues and other regulations reducing access to alcohol, enhanced law enforcement and surveillance, can all have an impact on creating safer drinking and living environments, reducing underage drinking, reducing harmful patterns of drinking, and reducing drink–driving accidents, although they can be costly to implement and sustain. Alcohol use can increase the risk of absenteeism and poor performance at work, and structural factors at work can increase the risk of harmful alcohol use. The available evidence suggests that workplace-based interventions can have some limited impact in reducing alcohol-related harm.

 Drink–driving 
  Establishing a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level and lowering it is effective in reducing drink–driving casualties. Intensive random breath-testing and checkpoints reduce alcohol-related injuries and fatalities. There is evidence for some effectiveness in the setting of lower BAC levels (including a zero level) for young or novice drivers, administrative suspension of the driver’s licence for a driver caught with a positive BAC level, and mandatory treatment and the use of an ignition interlock (a mechanical device which does not allow a car to be driven by a driver with a BAC above a low level) for repeat drink–drivers.

 Availability of alcohol 
  The implementation of laws setting a minimum age for the purchase of alcohol shows clear reductions in drink–driving casualties and other alcohol-related harms. The most effective means of enforcement is on the sellers, who have a vested interest in retaining the right to sell alcohol. An increased density of alcohol outlets is associated with increased levels of alcohol consumption among young people, with increased levels of assault and with other harms such as homicide, child abuse and neglect, self-inflicted injury and, with less consistent evidence, road traffic accidents. While extending times of sale can redistribute the times when many alcohol-related incidents occur, such extensions generally do not reduce the rates of violent incidents and often lead to an overall increase in consumption and problems. Reducing the hours or days of sale of alcoholic beverages leads to fewer alcohol-related problems, including homicides and assaults.

 Marketing of alcohol 
  Longitudinal studies have shown that various forms of alcohol marketing, including exposure to alcohol advertising in the traditional media as well as promotion through the content of films and alcohol-branded merchandise, have an impact on when young people start to drink and on riskier patterns of drinking among young people. The effects of exposure seem cumulative and, in markets where alcohol advertising is more widespread, young people are more likely to continue to increase their drinking as they move into their midtwenties, while drinking declines at an earlier age in those who are less exposed. In some jurisdictions, alcohol marketing relies on self-regulation implemented by economic operators, including advertising, media and alcohol producers. Evidence from a number of studies shows, however, that these voluntary systems do not prevent the kind of marketing that make an impact on younger people.

 Price of alcohol 
  When other factors are held constant, such as income and the price of other goods, a rise in alcohol prices leads to less alcohol consumption and vice versa. Price increases reduce the harms caused by alcohol and can also indicate that heavier drinking has been reduced. Policies that increase alcohol prices delay the initiation of drinking, slow young people’s progression towards drinking larger amounts, and reduce heavy drinking among them. Setting a minimum price per gram of alcohol can be as effective as an acrossthe-board increase in tax, with both options costing heavy consumers far in excess of the cost to light consumers. Natural experiments in Europe consequent to economic treaties have shown that as alcohol taxes and prices have gone down, so sales and alcohol consumption have usually increased. Cross-border issues are not solved by lowering alcohol taxes.（essay代写)

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