UNEMPLOYMENT AND JOB SECURITY--论文代写范文

在过去的二十年，从事兼职工作的人数在扩大。研究人员认为,这一趋势与紧张的工作生活,工作保障和收入减少有关。通过各种途径可知，失业与健康状况不佳。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

Employment provides income, a sense of identity and helps to structure day-to-day life. Unemployment frequently leads to material and social deprivation, psychological stress, and the adoption of health-threatening coping behaviours. Lack of employment is associated with physical and mental health problems that include depression, anxiety and increased suicide rates. Job insecurity has been increasing in Canada during the past decades (Figure 5.1). Currently, only half of working aged Canadians have had a single full-time job for over six months or more. Precarious forms of work include arrangements such as working part-time (18%), being self-employed (14%), or having temporary work (10%). 

  The OECD calculates an employment protection index of rules and regulations that protects employment and provides benefits to temporary workers. Canada performs very poorly on this index achieving a score that was ranked 26th of 28 nations (Figure 5.2). The number of people having part-time work expanded during the past two decades. Researchers suggest that the trend is associated with more intense work life, decreased job security and income polarization between the rich and the poor. Six percent of Canadians have had their current job fewer than six months and five percent have more than one job. Unemployment is related to poor health through various pathways. 

  First, unemployment often leads to material deprivation and poverty by reducing income and removing benefits that were previously provided by one’s employer. Second, losing a job is a stressful event that lowers one’s self-esteem, disrupts daily routines, and increases anxiety. Third, unemployment increases the likelihood of turning to unhealthy coping behaviours such as tobacco use and problem drinking. Often, insecure employment consists of intense work with non-standard working hours. Intense working conditions are associated with higher rates of stress, bodily pains, and a high risk of injury. Excessive hours of work increase chances of physiological and psychological problems such as sleep deprivation, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Consequently, job insecurity has negative effects on personal relationships, parenting effectiveness, and children’s behavior. Women are over-represented in precarious forms of work. While women constitute just over 40% of full-time workers, they represent 75% of parttime permanent workers and 62% of part-time temporary workers. In 1975, 13.6% of women were working part-time and that figure has increased to 27.3% in 2000. In contrast, in 1975 only 3.6% of men were part-time workers and that figure increased to 10.3% by 2000.

 Policy Implications 
  • National and international institutions need to be legally mandated to make agreements that provide the basic standards of employment and work for everyone. 
  • Power inequalities between employers and employees need to be reduced through stronger legislation governing equal opportunity in hiring, pay, training, and career advancement. 
  • Unemployed Canadians must be provided access to adequate income, training, and employment opportunities through enhanced government support. 
  • Workers, employers, government officials, and researchers need to develop a new vision of what constitutes healthy and productive work. （essay代写)
  • More policy-relevant research must be pursued to support government’s decision-making and to have an accurate and up-to-date picture of job security in Canada.（essay代写)

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