Value-chain of creativity--论文代写范文

这是非常困难的,因为它通常有一个复杂的集群。最好的方法是计算机辅助使用。他们的兴趣之一是未来预期的可能性。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

Indeed, market is not only formed by your direct customers but includes their own customers and among those various customers (or even prescriptors or consultants), you may find wholesalers,brokers, dealers, concessionaries, servicemen, contractors, subcontractors and final users, each one having his own needs and goals; among users, you may distinguish those who use your product for themselves and those who do it for somebody else; moreover, you have to take into account the context of use, namely if your product (existing or potential) is jointly used with another one. If your product is used as a tool -a car is a tool for the motorist who uses it to go from one place to another-, you have to consider its purpose, which wants it supplies and in which way it is used. It is very difficult to speak about such a subject in a general way. So, to design an innovation, you have to take into account the whole value chain and not only focus upon the future product itself. Frequently, the value chain shows several bifurcations; at some point of the chain, there is your company and at the end, there are markets (applications/customers).

This is very difficult to depict because it is generally a complex world with many clusters. The best way to be computer-assisted seems to use K-Maps. One interest of them is the possibility of anticipating future realizations even if they do not yet exist and they facilitate metaphoric thinking. Do you think that the scientist who discovered Laser-effect was able to forecast such different applications of it such as DVD, bar-code reading, fine metal punching, cloth cut or eye care? In consequence, if it is not sufficient to investigate the world of designers and users (company and markets -in the plural-), it will be necessary to associate to them representatives of the research community. 

I know it is a hard task because speculative searchers are not always interested in practical problems; so you must find out some open-minded scientists or facilitators. This scientific quest is important because there are latent needs which are never uttered for want of imaginable solution. Moreover, you will have an uninterrupted coming and going between laboratories and markets because an application in a given field may sometimes be transposed into an application in another field after it has been re-thought by the scientists. Thus, let us say that there is a connection between "new knowledge" -coming from the laboratory- and "human capital". The role of the innovator is to coordonate the different actors via a network, a portal and collaborative platforms; his dashboard could be a collection of KMaps.

If your Company wants to innovate in order to remain competitive, it must start from a knowledge base. This base may be internal or external; it generally depends on the degree of theoretical content and the nature of knowledge –whether it is codified or tacit-. Scientific knowledge is more often codified whereas engineering one is rather tacit when it lies on know-how and experience. If sometimes innovation results from a sudden insight (penicillin discovery, Post-it ® first idea…), such cases are more and more seldom; innovation has to be embedded into a genuine strategic plan taking into account the specificity of the product to be brought to the market. 

If you look at the 2006 Report (8) of AUTM ®, you will learn that only during 2005, 4932 new licenses were signed between american universities and companies and 527 new products introduced into the market as a result of applications of fundamental research such as a nanoprinting press based on nanometer-scale technology of materials and processes as an alternative to expensive optical lithography tools or a process based on surface charges properties applied to coagulation-filtration for removing heavy metals from drinking water. Indeed thre are many examples of scientific discoveries having led to new technology-based products such as “Lucent Tecchnologies’ Bell Laboratories fundamental studies of non linear optical processes [which] led to the invention of optical fibers engineered for greatly reduced chromatic dispersion” (9).

Thus, an innovation state-of-mind has to start from theoretical research and extend to business concerns (manufacturing at low cost, marketing and distribution channels), the last stages allowing a return on the investment incurred by the first stages Only an holistic attitude may ensure a regular flow of innovating products to a firm so that you have to imagine a pipe-line with an input of basic research and an output of new products (and corresponding profits). We insist upon the fact that the chain must be complete because without serious theoretical basis you may lack of means to succeed in delivering a satisfying product and without caring for commercialization you may go beside return on your investment and spent time. It is true that you need basic research even for very popular products. You will find a good example in the “American Competitive Initiative” booklet (10) which shows how MP3 devices are indebted to
. thin-film metallic multilayers which led to magnetoresistive effect used in micro hard drive storage . electrochemistry which gave rise to lithium-ion batteries . liquid crystal which opened the way to transistor LCD display . fast Fourier transform allowing signal compression.

Whatever method you use, Knowledge Management is a must to share the information and any how, as Sorensen underlines it, it is very important to identify the “Thought leaders” in your own field. Collaborative research is at the source of the main successful innovations and some firms designed very efficient methods as CISCO, in the frame of its “Emergent Technologies” with its internal entrepreneurship-minded start-up teams with external assigned persons or DEGUSSA with its “Project Houses”. One of them was described by Dr Andreas Gutsch, Head of Creavis Technologies & Innovation, Degussa A.G., for “NanoTech Day” on September 28, 2006. The problem encountered was the excessive heating of new batteries for hybrid cars; it was solved by a ceramic separator based on customized nanomaterials designed thanks to a platform working in collaboration with academic institutions during 3 years under the same roof, gathering academic scientists for their fundamental knowledge together with Degussa searcher for their technology experience and marketing knowledge. Let us observe that the market amounts to € 1,4 billions and will reach 3,9 in 2015. Such an initiative was well detailed at DECHEMA in Francfort ion May 29, 2006 (12).

As you may see, innovation is no longer left to chance but it relies on long term project management leaning on a few selected domains: it implies a structuration with ad hoc commitees, regular meetings with agenda, visits of sites and so on. An important issue is the status of IP when several entities work together; this supposes that contractual relationships regarding the result of the research have been clearly defined (13) namely who will own the patent or benefit from its commercialization or industrialization, that communication between the members is guaranteed and that non-disclosure to third parties is required; the royalties if any have to be specified.（essay代写)

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