Constructing the Phylomemetic Tree--论文代写范文精选

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Abstract 
  The paper discusses the importance of phylomemetic visualization to approach the cultural diversity in the social system like Indonesia, and thus revisit formal methodology regarding to the construction of the phylomemetic tree as an inspiration lent from the phylogenic analysis. A case of study is presented regarding to the data obtained from the diversity of traditionally inspired building-designs in Indonesia. Some future conjectures and open future analytical works in the anthropological studies are drawn. 
Keywords: phylomemetic tree, dendrogram, cultural evolution, memetics, diversity, Indonesia.

 Background 
  Indonesia lives in the way of life described as unity in diversity (depicted in the national motto: bhinneka tunggal ika). The diverse ways of life, ethnicities, religions, and even races have brought the country to become the largest country in the world living with differences peacefully. A unique geographical nature, the archipelago, has also played a major role shaping the face of Indonesia to day. A lot of factors are intertwining shaping the diversity of Indonesian people and its culture which in turn become the source of a great deal potentials for our further understanding for the human kind cultural aspects in general. 

  Memetics studied the case of the growing human culture in the sense of inspiration from the evolutionary perspectives. Everything that we see, feel, wear, enjoy emerges from an information unit presented by our genetic evolution (cf. Dawkins, 1978). Furthermore, the ways we behave sometimes influence the way genetic evolution. This is the very essence of the perceived human civilization. As one of a place with the highest diversity in human culture, Indonesia is a very important place for acquiring human understanding about themselves, yet, Indonesian people can also learn a lot on how to maintain themselves by exploiting understanding from the evolutionary thoughts. The diverse cultural objects in the social realm of Indonesia are opening wide doors to give us a lot of explanation about humanity and its evolution in general. 

  A visualization of phylomemetic is aimed to see the rooted commonality between cultural objects in their features. Phylomemetic tree shows the diagrammatic view of the similarities embedded in the features of cultural artifacts while focusing in their differences. This is the very interesting features of the phylomemetic diagram and become the theme want to be discussed deeper in the paper. We will not discuss about the terms in the memetics but yet focusing on what we can study by understanding meme as the smallest information unit in human mind as the source of their productivity making cultural objects, be it songs, paintings, architectural designs, etc. Here, the notion of memetics laid upon the realization that meme can be detected in the artifacts and cultural objects. It is not laid in the artifacts, but one can observe meme by scrutinizing the artifacts (Situngkir, 2004). 

  The paper is structured in the following. We discuss the methodological steps of building the phylomemetic tree including some theoretical possibilities regarding to it, i.e.: the decisions for choosing cultural aspects as the basic step to have the memeplexes, the way of to transform the matrix of homology to distance matrix, and some ways to have the phylomemetic tree. As a case of study, we construct the phylomemetc tree of Indonesian tradition-inspired buildings as shown in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) – a national park dedicated for Indonesian traditional and cultural heritages. A discussions is then followed the diagrammatic visualization added with some possible conjectures for future analytical works.

 Revisiting Phylomemetic Tree 
  The steps to build the general phylomemetic tree should be conjectured to the distance matrix between artifacts. The distance of the artifacts will eventually give opportunity to visualize the clustering of the artifacts based on the observed features as the heart of the phylomemetic analysis. We can point at least three steps should be taken in the methodology, i.e.: First, we should have the tables of the memeplexes as discussed in Situngkir (2004). 

  There could possibly some ways to do this based upon the kinds of artifacts we would like to approach. One simplest way could be made is by pointing interrogative (yes/no) questions about the existence of some features and characteristics of the artifacts (Heylighen, 1993). Furthermore, more rigorous steps that can be conducted is by using some methodology by acquisition of some statistical methodology about the features. Extraction of detailed and quantitative information from the artifacts by considering certain features can also been taken. The quantitative information thus may be categorized into several groups of values from which we can have the bases of the memeplex. An exemplification can be seen as it has been shown in Situngkir (2007) on the clustering tree of some Northern Sumatera languages. The quantitative variables can be transformed into several qualities e.g. the fuzzy modeling for instance.

  In our case, we use the Pearson's Product Moment Correlation between the elements of the memeplexes to measure how related an architectural designs of all traditional ethnic buildings as presented in the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII). Thus, the six classifiers we described above yield 19 binary memeplexes that we are going to use to visualize similarities and the “family tree” of the traditional buildings in Nusantara as shown in figure 2. It is apparent that there are strong correlations among the memeplexes as we would like to visualize in the phylomemetic diagram.

  The phylomemetic diagram in radial form is shown in figure 3. In this figure the visualization emphasizes the bifurcation of the nodes and the clustering among artifacts. It is obvious that the buildings from the island of Java and Bali are clustered and clearly separated with other buildings. However, there is no very apparent strong bifurcations among building from other places. This has shown the diversity of buildings out of the island of Java spreading from Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, to the Papua Island. To have clearer view, we also draw the dendrogram form of the phylomemetic tree (figure 4).（essay代写)

  The axis of the figure shows the memetic distances between buildings. Interestingly, by only observing the six features, we could see the interesting similarities among the buildings. The closely related buildings with Jakarta, Central Kalimantan, Lampung, and Bengkulu while Southern Sumatra clustered with those from Southern Sulawesi. Some important insights are shown in the dendogram more than just a visualization of the branching patterns, but also the quantitative “separation” of each cultural objects. For instance, the Aceh inspired buildings, even though it is not visualized branching directly from other Sumatera houses, it is in fact closely related to the clustering of Southern Sumatra and Southern Sulawesi. From the evolutionary distances calculated based on six aspects we discussed before, it is apparent that there is open door for further analysis by using more detailed architectural features.（essay代写)

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