Analysis and method of Human-Companion Interactions--论文代写范文精选

它研究人类活动,如说话,非言语互动,与社会语言学,人体动作学和行为学相关。人机交互领域一直采取这一概念，更广泛地存在两个方面，这包括通信和操作(物理交互)。下面的essay代写范文进行探讨。

Abstract
  This were distributed among the project partners who undertake their analysis in parallel, using both quantitative and qualitative methods [11]. As laid out above, the primary goal was neither to evaluate the qualities of the system with a view to its improvement, nor the effects on users' actual health-related behaviour and lifestyle, but to enrich the body of knowledge about people relating and interacting with companion technologies. The approach to data analysis is therefore explorative in nature, to which qualitative methods are deemed particularly appropriate. Furthermore, the small sample (which is being increased for the following iterations of the field study, but never to numbers which would allow for serious quantitative analysis across subjects) is an additional factor that invites qualitative analysis.

  Video interaction analysis is, to date, rather a collection of methods and practices [23] than a well-defined methodology for the empirical investigation of the interaction of human beings with each other and with (objects in) their environment. It investigates human activities such as talk, nonverbal interaction, and the use of artifacts and technologies, identifying routine practices and problems and the resources for their solution. Its roots lie in ethnography (especially participant observation), sociolinguistics, ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, kinesics, proxemics, and ethology [12].

  The field of human-machine interaction has always taken this concept more widely in both senses: here it includes both communication (social interaction) and operation (physical interaction), and action-reaction sequences as well as interaction proper. This is the sense in which we will use the concept here. If one wants to study the relationship between companions and their owners, one must not preclude, by misleading terminology, that this relationship can be both social and a-social – at different times or even at the same time: the companion can be seen both as something to talk to and as an object or machine. 

  Video interaction analysis allows to include in the analysis other semiotic fields [25] than language use, and studies how participants mix and relate them. Transcripts of human-robot interactions usually leave these out. The reason simply is that robots are, to date, heavily deficient in sharing the semiotic fields of objects, spaces, gestures etc. One example of such a shared semiotic field in our field study is the house key, whose presence or absence is "known" to the Nabaztag through a micro-switch in the key hook, so that the meaning of the key as "going out" and "coming home" can be shared. On the other hand, the Nabaztag has no access to the semiotic field of any other household object. When one participant takes the key off with the trash bag in the other hand, the meaning of the action – taking the bag to the bin outside – is obvious to human observers from the same culture, but not accessible to the robot. Tests that limit the potentially relevant semiotic fields by clever design (e.g. in the lab) bear the risk that others than the targeted channel of interaction (e.g. language) are neglected. In studying human-robot interaction "in the wild", they make themselves felt and have to be taken into account, even if, at this stage, as not accessible to the machine.

  Observational data on real-life, long-term use of companions are extremely rare as yet, and in such cases, formulating hypotheses that can be tested in analysis can lead research far off the mark. Inductive explorative analysis is the approach of choice to prepare the field for later systematic hypothesis-based research, in that it can point to new and interesting phenomena and generate the concepts and questions with which to work in the field. The instruments used in this part of the study owe much Conversational Analysis (CA) [15] and Grounded Theory (GT) [14]. 

  From CA, we take the microscopic look at the interaction, where the constant questioning of the data and the perspective of the particpants' orientation toward the interaction is used to attend to every potentially relevant detail. GT inspires the open approach to coding the material, as well as the research interest in uncovering not only the mechanisms of interaction, but also the attitudes, socio-cultural stance and practical theories that subjects develop and apply to their relationship with companions. The verbal interaction of the videos was transcribed roughly. 

  Through repeated viewing, these transcripts were extended to full descriptions, including position, posture, gestures, facial expression and actions of the subjects. An effort was made to rigorously separate the description from any other remark, note, or thought that would inevitably present itself, following the procedure recommended by the documentary method [16]. Such interpretations were written down separately in notes and memos. Common keywords or titles to the notes started to present themselves, and these were noted down separately as the first tentative, low-level concepts. Other data invited to use the same or related concepts. In this process, the attention is drawn not only to those cases where the phenomenon giving rise to the concept is present, but also to the cases of its absence, as well as to its different dimensions.（essay代写)

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