The mixed ownership enterprise model in Britain

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The mixed ownership enterprise model in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的混合所有制企业模式。20世纪70年代英国的经济中，多种所有制结构为撒切尔政府发展混合所有制经济创造了客观条件。英国混合所有制企业融资可以通过成熟的资本市场获得，并不需要寻求银行的帮助。英国混合经济形态是工业社会发展和金融市场成熟后，所有权制度演化的必然产物。除了成熟的金融市场作为英国混合所有制经济的物质基础外，在英国，先进和深厚的经济学成果，为英国混合所有制的改革提供了强大的理论基础。

The incentive effect of mixed reform of state-owned enterprises on state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises provides relevant evidence for the motivation of mixed reform of state-owned enterprises. Giving full play to the function of state-owned capital and improving the competitiveness of state-owned enterprises are the important motives for the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises. Based on the summary of the mixed ownership enterprise model in the UK and the background of the mixed ownership reform in the UK, this assignment explores the successful experience of the mixed ownership in the UK and provides reference for the mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises in China.

Motive force of the institutional economics that institutional innovation is: individual, community and the government are trying to in the process, reduce the cost and the friction cost, from on macroscopic maximum gain, for the sake of economic, political and social space and the actions of different subjects from the micro defining the rights, obligations and responsibilities, effective constraint main body behavior, easing social conflicts. From the historical perspective of the conditions for the development of the mixed ownership economy in Britain, it is not difficult to see that the mixed ownership reform in Britain at that time had a very sufficient theoretical basis and the public's psychological expectations. It was embodied in the ownership structure, economic theory basis, legal basis, developed financial and capital market and free enterprise system of Britain at that time.

In the 1970s, the property ownership structure in Britain generally included individual ownership, joint-stock company ownership, state capital ownership, collective shareholder ownership and mixed ownership. Britain's multiple ownership structure created objective conditions for the thatcher government to develop the mixed ownership economy. Britain's mixed-ownership firms can raise capital through sophisticated capital markets rather than Banks. In the 21st century, the expansion of capital investment and financing channels in China has provided financial possibilities for today's mixed-ownership reform. Britain's mixed economy is the inevitable outcome of the evolution of ownership system after the development of industrial society and the maturity of financial market.

In addition to the mature financial market as the material basis of the mixed ownership economy in the UK, advanced and profound economic achievements in the UK have provided a strong theoretical basis for the mixed ownership reform in the UK.

For example, in the economic theories of Keynes, hull and other economists, there are very detailed theoretical discussions on mixed ownership economy. At present, there has not been such a great economist's mature discussion on mixed ownership in our country's economic theoretical achievements. Outsourcing is the separation of the purchaser and provider of a public good or service. In this process, the government needs to focus on the needs of consumers, determine what kind of products and services they need, and then outsource the supply of these products and services to the private sector or non-profit organizations. Because public goods suppliers may not provide the best solution, contract outsourcing becomes the final logical result in the process of introducing competition mechanism or market inspection. Politicians and scholars who agree with the theory of rational choice argue that competition can improve efficiency in some areas and reduce transaction costs in practice, employment environment and management matters. Another potential advantage of introducing a competitive system is to improve the quality of public services, since it requires public sectors to have a clear understanding of the nature and standards of the services they wish to provide, in order to assess the supply capacity of private sector bidding and, in the future, to monitor the performance of service providers. This requires a fundamental shift within government from the traditional input-oriented focus on employees, capital and other resources to the output-oriented focus on outcomes. In order to give full play to the advantages of contract outsourcing, two points need to be satisfied at the same time: free market competition and effective government functions. Free market competition is the key, because in the market economy conditions, enterprises from their own interests, in order to obtain more market resources and competition, and then to achieve the optimal allocation of production factors. Government functions have shifted from a hierarchical model of direct oversight of operating procedures, employee skills and culture to a model of service design and contract management. This requires a range of skills, including communication and negotiation, contract management, dispute resolution and auditing. At the same time, the government will also monitor areas such as social welfare and health services that improve people's well-being. However, from a theoretical perspective, the outsourcing contract model for governments and service providers, respectively, in the role of the principal and agent, this looks very simple relationship is actually quite complex, because successful private bidders will be as far as possible to reduce costs so as to achieve the profit maximization '^ due to appoint qiao and the information asymmetry between the agent can produce speculation, agent can control those to the customer, even with its cooperation is very important for the government information of the quantity, quality and timeliness. In fact, the outsourcing of public services is more complex than it is theoretically described, including issues such as opportunism, information asymmetry, complex principal-agent relationships, and pressure to reduce client fees. The complexity of outsourcing is evident as public services move from basic civic services to the provision of professional, health and social services.

Franchising means that the government grants a private sector or non-profit organization a franchise license to provide public services, and the user experience fee paid by the customer is the income of the provider. Franchising is like outsourcing, in which the government is the arranger and the private organization is the provider, but there is a difference between the two: the former is paid by consumers, while the latter is purchased by the government. The franchise model requires private agents to develop the infrastructure, usually transferring ownership to the government when it is completed! . In the form of franchising, the government allocates its monopoly power to the private sector, and the process of rights allocation should be through market competition, and the potential private sector should compete for bidding to obtain the franchising license. After the denationalization reform in Britain, the supply of railway services was carried out through franchising. The successful bidders were responsible for providing vehicles and services in accordance with price regulations. Consumer income goes to franchisees, but the government also provides public subsidies for maintaining rail infrastructure. Franchising has a special dominant position in the field of monopolized public interest services. Due to the monopolistic characteristics of public services, it is not ideal to have a comprehensive operation, so franchising will be an ideal "mixed" form. Franchising is the transfer of operational responsibilities and risks from the public sector to the private sector, with the government acting only as the controller of the public interest.

When two or more organizations work together on the same project while maintaining relative independence, we call it a joint venture. A joint venture may be a special purpose vehicle through a cooperative agreement or a separate corporate entity. At present, the form of joint venture is widely used in various fields of public infrastructure, such as schools, hospitals, roads, air services, public transport, prisons and so on. The government has a veto power over exceptional circumstances or special matters, thus ensuring decision-making power over major matters in the public sector. The most common joint venture pattern is the "DBFO collaboration pattern" of Design, Build, Finance, and Operation. The DBFO model requires the government to set goals and then enter into a long-term contractual relationship with a private company. The government pays for the long-term costs through shadow fees or other forms of revenue. In practice, the "DBFO" collaboration pattern might be simplified to "DBF pattern," which is Design, Build, and Finance, or "DBO pattern, "which is Design, Build, and Operation. The "DBFO partnership" has several potential benefits for the government. Second, projects have specific, specific goals that reduce operational costs. Transfer management operational risk to the private sector.

The mixed ownership reform of state-owned enterprises in Britain is of great significance for China's mixed ownership reform at the present stage. Therefore, the development direction of state-owned enterprise reform in the future is to diversify property rights, develop mixed ownership and improve the production efficiency of state-owned enterprises.

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