Basic education in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Basic education in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的基础教育。美国的基础教育是为了培养人才的教育，其中有很多优秀的方法值得其他国家学习的做法，如注重学生的个性和创造力的培养以及小班教学等，但也不乏一些日益凸显的教育问题，如教师队伍数量和质量严峻以及学生犯罪频繁等。为了处理这些问题，美国联邦政府和各州政府以及各地方教育管理部门正采取积极的措施改进基础教育的状况和质量。

Educational administration refers to the government's management of education and the school's internal management. The administrative management system of the school includes the establishment of internal institutions, the composition of leading members and the division of responsibilities and authorities. American education administration is a typical liberalized management system based on local decentralization. According to the American law, the federal government does not have the power to directly manage education, and its main functions are directive and service, such as allocating education funds to local governments, collecting education information, conducting investigation and research, etc. Be responsible for the management of the basic education have different levels of two types of institutions: one is the board of directors of the all levels of education, it belongs to civil society organizations, including on behalf of the local public opinion, elected, consists of representatives from all walks of life state, county, city and district education board, society and the government is mainly responsible for communication, so as to achieve the purpose of the whole society to participate in the education career. Second, the education department of the government, including the federal education department; State boards of education; School district board. Its main responsibility is to carry out some administrative management that is considered necessary according to the law and the decision of the board of education, to regulate the school's operation from a macro perspective, and not to directly participate in the specific management of the school. In practice, schools have a lot of autonomy. In American high schools, there is usually a school board, which is the highest decision-making body of the school. It is responsible for formulating the major policies of the school and determining the major issues of the school. The principal is responsible to the school board for the specific management of school affairs. In addition, the school usually has two vice-principals, who are in charge of teaching and administrative work. This management system of basic education in the United States has aroused the autonomy of schools and the enthusiasm of the society, but it is not conducive to the balanced development of education.

System of running a school is to show school educates who will organize undertake and choose what kind of management form method and system. The basic education system in the United States is flexible, and public and private schools develop together. Public schools are the main body of basic education in America, and students in public schools account for about 80% of all students. Public schools are mainly funded by fixed funds allocated by governments at all levels for infrastructure construction, appropriations according to the number of students and special appropriations, etc. They are large in scale, have many students, and students in their communities are free of charge. Private schools are mainly funded by tuition fees paid by students, funds allocated by the government and education funds. Students pay between $3, 000 and $25, 000 a year, so most come from wealthy families. However, private schools are small in size and of good quality. Generally, the students enrolled in private schools are also excellent in academic performance. Generally, the students enrolled in private schools account for about 10% of all the students. Public-private partnerships typically involve companies setting up schools and governments sending teachers. These schools are housed in corporate headquarters, as is the case with hewlett-packard, where schools are set up to keep employees at work. In addition, the United States also allows families to undertake the education of their children, as long as they take the relevant examinations, they can graduate with certain credits. Therefore, it can be said that the school-running system of American basic education stage is as diverse as that of China.

Investment in education is the monetary expression of manpower and material resources invested in the field of education to cultivate reserve labor force with different proficiency levels and various specialized talents, as well as to improve people's working ability. It includes all the expenses paid by the government and social forces for the development of education. The basic education in the United States is highly invested in running schools. According to the education law, it is jointly borne by the federal government and local governments, among which local governments are the main ones. The funds are mainly from the education tax paid by taxpayers. On average, federal investment accounts for 12 percent, state government for 53 percent, and local government for 35 percent, in addition to some corporate and individual sponsorship. In the United States, libraries, museums, science and technology museums, art galleries, aquariums, memorials, theme parks and other educational resources and entertainment facilities are open to primary and secondary schools at any time. Each is privately funded, not for profit, but for educational purposes and is exempt from taxes. It can be seen from this that the funds for basic education in the United States are guaranteed and sufficient, and primary and secondary schools can carry out various extracurricular activities related to education.

Pay attention to the whole person education, that is, according to the characteristics of student development and provide the corresponding environment, in order to meet the students' psychological and physiological and other aspects of different needs, so that they become active, independent, confident, responsible, to adapt to the needs of the society of the individual. Basic education in the United States attaches importance to the development of students' personality, emphasizes the combination of personality and teamwork spirit, the cultivation of students' ability and morality, and also pays attention to students' physical exercise. In addition, another major characteristic of American basic education is to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. It actively advocates to give students full, free and broad imagination space, so that students' personality can be fully displayed in the collective atmosphere full of love, sunshine and warmth. This is an invaluable part of American education.

American primary and secondary schools are modest, economical, and connected to the community. Schools are generally small in size. The school has no gates or walls, and sometimes a walk on campus can lead to community. The community has schools, community colleges, public libraries, sports facilities, etc. The school is part of the whole learning community. The name of the school was simply marked on a sign at the main entrance to the school, or on a short wall. But the school pays attention to the internal practical, the teaching equipment is advanced, usually has the better computer equipment, the computer network, the sports facility as well as the artistic education facility and so on. The classroom layout is different from the primary and secondary schools in China. All the walls of the classroom are covered with colorful pictures, various forms, knowledge CARDS, maps and so on. There are closets, book corner, animal corner and so on.

The curriculum and textbooks of basic education in the United States are generally formulated by local schools according to actual needs. The federal and state governments make broad requirements for school content, setting benchmarks for school districts and minimum requirements for graduation. The specific curriculum of primary and secondary schools is formulated by the "curriculum committee" organized by the local education committee with curriculum administrators, guidance directors, principals, teachers and parents as representatives.

The curriculum in the United States is colorful and pays more attention to the knowledge closely related to modern economy, social life and scientific and technological development. To be specific, primary school and junior high school are mainly courses of some basic knowledge, including reading, writing and understanding of English, mathematics, history, geography, computer, environmental protection, basic knowledge of science and music, fine arts and physical education. Junior and senior high schools began to offer elective courses, which accounted for 1/3 and 1/2 of the total class hours respectively. Compulsory courses are prescribed by the school district education bureau, with many contents. Elective courses are set according to the school's characteristics and students' interests. There are also community service classes and mentoring classes. Community service class is to encourage students to do volunteer work for the community service, not credit, but must learn, aimed at cultivating students hands-on ability, practical ability and social responsibility and service spirit. Remedial class is to dissolve all sorts of psychological pressure of the student, guide student to enter a school and obtain employment, improve study method to wait and open to the student outside the classroom 24/7.

The textbooks of primary and secondary schools are diversified, and the systematic content of subjects coexists with the thematic content and comprehensive content. Primary and secondary school textbooks are often the teaching plans prepared by teachers themselves. The classroom teaching of American primary and secondary schools focuses on creating a relaxed and lively classroom atmosphere, stimulating students' learning interest and enthusiasm, taking students as the subject, and paying attention to cultivating students' creativity and personality. Classroom teaching takes various forms, including teacher-student discussion, debate, experiment, project research, etc. The teacher is not to carry on the massive knowledge infusion to the student, but seeks the way to lead the child to the vast knowledge ocean, teaches the student to ponder the question and the solution method. Teachers do not have to test the students into different levels of treatment, for every child a little effort to praise, not because the students asked questions naive, naive or stupid and refuse to answer the students asked questions, but do everything possible to protect and stimulate the children's desire to create and try. Teachers do not restrain students with their fixed thinking and textbook content. In class, students can ask questions, argue, think and communicate boldly. In math class, the teacher guides the students to play different games, such as simulating the life supermarket and calculating the probability of the Titanic sinking to deepen their understanding of knowledge. In history class, students experience the life of ancient people by making tools and drawing pictures on stones. In debate class, students debate whether to support President bush. Chemistry experiment lesson, the student searches relevant data on the Internet beforehand, then submits the experiment report to the teacher, the teacher again prepares the corresponding experiment apparatus. Perhaps it was these innovative programs that produced the most creative students in the United States.

American primary and secondary schools often cultivate students' ability and improve their quality and sense of responsibility through extracurricular practices. Primary and secondary schools in the United States have launched many social practice programs, such as organizing students to participate in environmental activities, helping to clean up garbage in parks and tourist attractions, taking care of the elderly and disabled people in centers for the elderly and disabled people, and undertaking some work within our capacity in cultural relics protection, animal protection agencies or some elegant art groups. Students participate in these rich and colorful social practice activities, not only exercise the students' practical ability and ability to do things, but also make students receive moral education, civic education, students benefit a lot.

The examination and evaluation of subjects and teaching effects in American primary and secondary schools are mainly composed of three parts: first, the examination of homework and test scores account for 50%; second, the project examination accounts for 25%. Students should apply the knowledge they have learned to project design or production after learning a unit or a course, and the teacher will evaluate the results. The third is the stage and final examination, which will be held about 5 times per academic year, accounting for 25% of the score. The key examination will be organized by the states in the form of subject examination outline. Grades are graded on a 100-point or hierarchical basis. Sometimes the content of the exam is not directly related to the students' textbooks, but mainly tests their logic and analytical skills, such as "does a toad have hearing? Try to prove it.

Above in this article, from the United States based education administration and school system, education investment, education idea, education environment, curriculum and teaching material, classroom teaching and extracurricular practice, examination evaluation in nine aspects such as the condition of American basic education are discussed deeply, in general, American education has its obvious cultural characteristics: the basis of make public individual character, pay attention to the cultivation of creativity, pragmatism is prominent and so on. The basis of American education is to cultivate a complete people prepare for education, there are a lot of great worth to be learned by other countries, such as pay attention to the cultivation of students' individuality and creativity as well as the small class teaching, etc., but there were also some growing education problems, such as the quantity and quality of teachers and students severe crime frequently, etc. The federal and state governments as well as local education administration departments in the United States are taking active measures to improve the condition and quality of basic education, expecting a new look of basic education in the United States.

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