Reflections on higher education in the UK

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Reflections on higher education in the UK，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了关于英国高等教育的思考。从中世纪到18世纪，剑桥大学和牛津大学打破宗教限制，开始进行高等精英教育。1963年的《罗宾斯报告》 发布后，英国高等教育开始向大众化发展，但每年招收的大学生、学院生仍由国家统一控制。直至1992年，随着经济全球化进程发展，英国在坚持原有大学精英教育特点的同时，逐步开放高等教育，实施高等教育国际化。1992年相继有若干所学院升格为大学，或与大学合作允许发放学位证书。

From the middle ages to the 18th century, Cambridge and Oxford universities broke religious restrictions and began elite education in higher education. After the publication of the Robbins report in 1963, British higher education began to be popularized, but the annual enrollment of college students was still under the unified control of the state. The functional boundaries between universities and colleges are fairly clear, and universities are still controlled at 29. Until 1992, with the development of economic globalization, while adhering to the original characteristics of elite education in universities, Britain gradually opened higher education and implemented the internationalization of higher education. In 1992, a number of colleges were upgraded to universities or partnered with universities to allow the issuance of degree certificates.

At present, there are 165 institutions of higher education in the UK, and the Russell group, represented by 24 universities such as Oxford University and Cambridge university, constitutes the British elite university. The level of talent cultivation, academic reputation and status, scientific research and technological innovation strength, world level of research subjects and scientific research funds of these universities account for a large proportion in the whole UK.

In Britain, a city cannot do without a university. The university development serves the regional city development characteristic to be obvious, a university often is a city's brand. British universities are not blindly climbing, positioning is accurate, regional development characteristics, industry characteristics are obvious, talent training objectives are clear, to adapt to the market demand oriented obvious. In addition to the university of Cambridge and Oxford University, university of London, imperial college and other elite universities still pursue the value of university is to cultivate people's comprehensive quality, development of man's thinking, personality, promote the all-round development of people, with all kinds of knowledge reserve, service personnel of the state and society, some colleges and universities focus on cultivate people's ability to adapt to the society, to adapt to the work. Therefore, British higher education is also oriented by employment rate, and the development trend of specialization and functionalization of universities is obvious, with special emphasis on the cultivation of students' vocational skills.

In Britain, the link between universities and society stems from the fact that universities help society develop. Experience has proved that the establishment of universities in underdeveloped areas is conducive to the development of regional economy and society, and the reconstruction of local economy and society. With the development of economic globalization and the impact of economic recession, British politicians begin to pay attention to the training of high-quality young generation besides arming citizens with knowledge and skills. Over the years, manufacturing as the core of the real economy transferred to west Asia and other countries, the local young people learning goals, working model of change, young people blindly pursue the London finance, banking, insurance, etc, in the past "working class" have no, excessive focus on service industry of higher education. Today, some universities are also interested in manufacturing, such as the university of Manchester and the university of Glasgow, which are examples of service area urban development.

Capital higher education should be reasonably distributed and universities should be accurately located. We will step up support for the development of schools with industrial and professional characteristics, and encourage universities to run schools in districts and counties. Colleges and universities should not blindly strive for higher education, but should focus on cultivating application-oriented talents that adapt to and serve regional development. They should not pay too much attention to upgrading, and should not all become research universities.

The English gentleman, rules, rational performance in the university a high degree of autonomy and a high degree of self-discipline. A high degree of autonomy enables universities to develop in a diversified way. A high degree of self-discipline ensures sound management and a high level of quality. The university's high degree of autonomy and self-discipline make the university's rectification mechanism obvious and ensure that the university can closely adapt to the development of the service economy and society.

The high degree of autonomy of British universities means that the government does not pay attention to the political orientation of universities. To support the university to operate in accordance with laws, rules and regulations; But it is not to say that the government has left it alone. There are different degrees of supervision and services at the macro, medium and micro levels. Macro level, the university must serve national security and development strategy, the national level of scientific research funds mostly by Russell group, school, university of Cambridge, university of Oxford, imperial college, more than 90%, which fully reflect the government and university, trust each other for a long time, the university also have the ability to finish the work and responsibility. The department of business innovation and skills and the department of education are the higher education authorities in the UK, with clear division of labor and win-win cooperation. The higher education steering committee, the student loan corporation, the research committee, the quality assurance agency and the college of higher education all strengthen the supervision and service of universities from the macro and medium levels. At the same time, a strict quality assurance system has been established, such as the UK higher education quality standards and subject baseline, external evaluation system, risk-based quality assurance system and quality assurance bureau complaint system, which are all quality assurance mechanisms that mature universities must and are willing to abide by.

In the UK, universities, as public institutions, have the status of independent legal persons. With a high degree of self-discipline, universities have formed stable legal person governance institutions and governance mechanisms, with clear division of responsibilities, efficient operation and a strong internal development mechanism. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of professionalization of senior managers in universities. Since 1992, most colleges upgraded to universities have adopted modern business management operation mode.

Enlightenment: autonomy and self-discipline coexist in British universities. The high degree of autonomy of universities has its historical inevitability and special connotation. Beijing municipal commission of education requires the construction of internal rules and regulations of colleges and universities with the university constitution as the core, and the establishment of a modern university system in accordance with the requirements of the planning outline. In accordance with the requirements of secondary public welfare colleges and universities to establish the concept of university management, and at the same time to establish and improve the corporate governance structure.

The perfection of the governance structure of colleges and universities is to define the higher status of public legal person in colleges and universities, establish and improve the legal person institution, clarify the authority of the legal person institution, and clarify the responsibility of the legal person institution. We should establish and improve governance mechanisms and rules that are compatible with the governance model, improve the decision-making mechanism of power organs, the management and operation mechanism of executive organs, and the democracy and supervision mechanism of supervisory organs. To make the governance relationship within the university harmonious and win-win, reduce the operating cost, give full play to the overall effectiveness of the university to maximize and optimize. Therefore, the author believes that colleges and universities should establish the corporate governance structure of "party committee leadership, President responsibility, professor research, democratic management and supervision, social support and supervision", and improve the relevant operating mechanism accordingly.

It is necessary to pay close attention to the construction of "three dimensions" of university legal person, that is, the establishment of legal person institution, the regulation of legal person authority, the definition of legal person responsibility, and the correct handling of "two relations", namely the relationship of power and responsibility.

A legal person institution includes the power organ of a legal person, also known as the decision-making organ, namely the office meeting of the basic level committee of institutions of higher learning of the communist party of China, its standing committee and the President; The executive organ of a legal person is the executive organ of the legal person authority, namely, the President's office meeting, the academic committee meeting, the academic degree committee meeting, the post appointment committee meeting, the education and teaching committee meeting, etc.; The supervisory body of a legal person refers to the body that supervises and inspects the conduct of the legal person authority and the executing organ, namely, the discipline inspection committee of the primary school committee of the communist party of China; The democratic management organ of a legal person is the power organ of the legal person and the democratic management organ of the executive organ, that is, the party congress, the education congress, the youth league congress, the students' congress and the workers' congress. The social cooperation organization of legal person is the organization that the legal person performs the organizational function, obtains social support and supervises the organization development, namely the school affairs committee, the board of directors, the board of directors.

Legal person power includes political power, administrative power, academic power and democratic supervision power. We should properly handle the relationship between the four kinds of power. We should exercise power scientifically and according to rules. We do not seek checks and balances among the four kinds of power, but seek high efficiency, harmony and win-win results.

Corporate responsibility includes leadership responsibility, management responsibility, academic responsibility and democratic supervision responsibility. We should properly handle the relationship between the four responsibilities, conscientiously fulfill them, bear them scientifically, and fulfill them according to the rules.

The operation mechanism is an important support of the governance structure, including the employment mechanism, the scope, qualification conditions, procedures and a series of regulations and operating norms for the selection and dismissal of the person in charge and the staff of the legal person institution. Among them, can enter can go out, introduce competition, open and fair it is crucial link. Incentive mechanism, including the person in charge of the legal entity and the staff of the incentive conditions, the authenticity and accuracy of the assessment, the subject of the incentive, incentive content of the basis and standards. Supervision mechanism includes a series of institutional arrangements, such as who supervises, the content, focus and procedure of supervision, and the way and procedure of correcting deviations. The object of supervision is the person in charge of the legal person institution and its members.

In addition to legal person organization and personnel and sound administrative mechanism, still need to have specific system standard to offer guidance to make a decision, management and supervise run, this is run a rule. The scope of operation rules is very wide, mainly including the rules of procedure, working procedures and systems of legal person institutions, governance information disclosure system and so on.

Institutions of higher learning are not without university systems, and the current university system has played a good role in the past. The establishment of institutions of higher learning should be carried out step by step. Just as the reform and opening up of China and the construction and development of higher education system with Chinese characteristics, it is impossible to smash the old world and build the new one. We must resolutely prevent and oppose any attempt to render the existing system useless. Therefore, it is necessary to seek truth from facts and steadily promote the improvement of the legal person governance structure in colleges and universities, to study and solve the problem of how to adhere to the leadership and administrative management of the party in the academic management and the administrative management of colleges and universities, and to adhere to the right of academic freedom.

The perfection of university administration structure cannot be "in line with foreign countries", prevent and foreign "in line with" say ", want to be in line with "law of higher education of People's Republic of China", be in line with "working regulation of Chinese communist party college basic level organization", be in line with the spirit essence of program outline of education. The purpose of our education is to train builders and successors for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

We will conscientiously implement the requirements of the law of the People's Republic of China on higher education to prevent the weakening of the party's leadership and the abolition of administrative management. The process of improving the corporate governance structure in colleges and universities should be combined with the improvement of the party's leadership mode in colleges and universities and higher education. At the same time, we must not cut everything.

The industrialization trend of higher education in Britain is obvious. The internationalization strategy of higher education is clear and progressing rapidly. Exporting higher education has become a government action

At the elite stage of higher education, tuition fees in the UK are low or even free. With the recession of the world economy, the British government implemented the reform of higher education tuition system in 1998 and 2012 in order to reduce the public financial expenditure. In 2010, the government began to control annual enrollment. So far, tuition fees account for 90 percent of the university's budget. About 50 to 60 percent of students who take out loans are unable to repay them in full, and the government is taking on more and more debt. There is no exit mechanism for higher education in the UK, and the competition in the student market is extremely fierce. According to the judgment of British higher education experts, the tuition system and investment system of British higher education are still in the process of change.

The department of business, innovation and skills and the department of education jointly released the global strategy of British education, international education: global growth and prosperity, which proposed five strategies to promote British education globally. Support for transnational education; Leading the world in educational technology; Establishing new links with emerging education markets; Seize the opportunity to innovate the British education brand. Therefore, it is highly operable to formulate a strong international development strategy, open up the British higher education market, recruit international students, and export British higher education, especially the second - and third-tier universities.

Enlightenment: the talent cultivation of higher education is oriented by the needs of economic and social development, and the competitive development of universities is actually the competition of students. At the same time, tuition income has become the main source of funds to sustain the development of universities. Although for the state enterprise organization in colleges and universities, as a public welfare category, not full funding, implementing the balance allocation, which requires the university management should quickly change ideas, set up the development of university management concept, the service to meet the needs of regional economic and social development, service to adapt to the masses education expectation, otherwise, will also face "funding" bottleneck in the development of the higher education.

The internationalization of higher education has the problem of exporting and importing higher education. Britain mainly exports, exports education, exports the cultural tradition, recruits the international student, supports own higher education development. The analysis found that: the output is business, creative and other service industry ideas and skills; Second - and third-tier schools are participating in the output; Three years of undergraduate, one year of master, really can learn what things worth thinking. The internationalization of higher education in the capital should be self-centered and win-win. We should undertake cultural export and serve the diplomatic strategy of our country, and we should not take it as our duty to send students abroad through cooperative education. The achievements of higher education in Beijing are obvious to all.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创assignment代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的assignment代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多assignment代写范文 提供北美作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。