Rural financial systems in the United States, Japan and France

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Rural financial systems in the United States, Japan and France，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国、日本和法国的农村金融体系。美国农村金融体系的确立是伴随着美国经济，特别是农业农村经济的发展和变革逐步建立和完善起来的。而日本，虽然它的农业发展条件不够理想，但是日本通过建立较为完善的农村金融体系为其农业发展提供了强大的动力与支持。另外，法国政府十分重视农业发展，采取了大量的补贴政策以及相关的专业机构专门服务于农业发展。

As the largest producer and exporter of grain in the world, the advanced agricultural production of the United States is inseparable from its highly developed and complete rural financial system. The establishment of American rural financial system is accompanied by the development and reform of American economy, especially agricultural and rural economy. At the founding of the United States, there were no specialized rural financial institutions, and agricultural credit funds were basically provided by commercial institutions and private loans.

With the continuous marketization of agriculture, the United States has completed the comprehensive industrialization reform of the rural financial system within a century, including the establishment of the federal land bank of the United States, the promulgation of the agricultural credit act and the establishment of the small business administration. America has formed a complete rural financial service pattern, and its relatively complete rural financial service system is generally composed of four sub-systems.

Cooperative financial system in American rural areas mainly consists of three independent systems: federal land banking system, federal medium-term credit banking system and cooperative banking system. The three systems were initially funded by the government and established in a top-down manner. However, with the gradual withdrawal of government funds, the three systems have now become real cooperative financial organizations owned by farmers. According to the American laws on agricultural credit, there are 12 agricultural credit zones in the United States. Each agricultural credit zone has a federal land bank, federal medium-term credit bank and cooperative bank, which are led, managed and supervised by the agricultural credit administration, an independent agency of the federal government.

The United States did not set up a special rural financial institutions, its agricultural credit funds mainly rely on private institutions and individuals to provide. The establishment of the federal land bank of the United States completely changed the situation that there was no specialized rural financial institution in the United States. The federal land bank consists of several federal land bank cooperatives, each of which is financed by a large number of farmers. The funds of the federal land bank mainly come from the share capital paid by members and the issuance of federal agricultural bonds. Federal land bank funds are used primarily to provide long-term real estate loans to individual farmers.

The structure of the federal medium-term credit banking system is similar to that of the federal land banking system. It is composed of 12 federal medium-term credit Banks and their affiliated production credit cooperatives. The federal medium-term credit bank lends only to the underlying production credit cooperatives, which then provide loans to individual farmers. The loan objects of production credit cooperatives and federal land bank cooperatives are basically the same, and their differences are mainly as follows: production credit cooperatives can directly provide loans to farmers, while federal land bank cooperatives only assist their superior federal land bank to deal with loan matters. While production credit cooperatives provide medium - and short-term loans, federal land bank cooperatives only assist their parent federal land bank with long-term loans.

Like the federal medium-term credit banking system and the federal land bank, the cooperative banking system has a cooperative bank in each of the 12 agricultural credit zones, but it also has a central cooperative bank. The central cooperative bank mainly provides financial services to large production cooperatives whose business scope exceeds one agricultural credit area.

American agricultural insurance system is a diversified insurance system with federal crop insurance company, private insurance company, insurance agent and insurance surveyor as the main body. The federal crop insurance company is mainly responsible for rule making, risk control, supervision and inspection, and does not directly participate in the operation of the insurance business. Private insurers are responsible for crop insurance under the guidance and supervision of the federal crop insurance corporation. Insurance agents and insurance surveyors can be divided into independent personnel and employees of private insurance companies, who are responsible for the specific work of crop insurance business. In this diversified agricultural insurance system, the government still plays a decisive leading role, which is mainly reflected in four aspects: legal support, subsidy support, reinsurance support and tax support. The federal crop insurance act provides legal basis and guarantee for the development of agricultural insurance business. Subsidy support: the government provided a series of insurance subsidies and business subsidies for private insurance companies undertaking agricultural insurance, and provided substantial funds for the promotion and education of agricultural insurance. Reinsurance support. The government mainly provides reinsurance and excess loss reinsurance to private insurance companies through the federal crop insurance company. Tax support. In accordance with the provisions of the federal crop insurance act, the government exempts all taxes on crop insurance.

, earnings because of the large rural financial risk is a small area, general profit-driven commercial Banks are reluctant to participate, the U.S. government to encourage commercial Banks to enter the rural market, prevent the rural capital flight and formulated a series of preferential policies, such as agricultural loans account for more than 25% of total loans business institutions offering tax breaks, for the agricultural loan interest subsidies, etc. The policies of the United States the greatest feature of the financial system is government background, it is mainly composed of rural electrification administration, goods of credit companies and small business administration, the essence of which is under the leadership of the federal government to provide financial services for agricultural production and related economic activities, and of the agricultural development through financial means appropriate regulation.

To sum up, the rural financial system in the United States is a compound credit model dominated by the government. This mode enables commercial financial institutions, cooperative financial institutions and policy-based financial institutions in diversified financial institutions to develop side by side. At the same time, this financial system provides the government with a large number of policy guidance, legal support and economic subsidies.

Both Japan and China belong to the east Asia region, and their history and culture are quite similar, so the agricultural development conditions of the two countries are relatively similar. On the one hand, in terms of natural conditions, both countries have more people than land and less arable land per capita. On the other hand, in terms of culture and history, both countries have developed farming culture in history, both have the historical tradition of smallholder farmers' operation, and both villages take smallholder farmers as the main production unit. Although Japan's agricultural development conditions are not ideal, Japan has provided strong impetus and support for its agricultural development by establishing a relatively complete rural financial system. Therefore, it is of great significance to deepen China's rural financial reform and promote rural economic development to study and learn from Japan's experience in developing rural finance.

Japan's rural financial system mainly consists of two parts: the cooperative financial system dominated by the folk and the policy financial system supplemented by the government.

Japan's rural cooperative financial system is a subsystem of the agricultural cooperative organization system and a financial sector with independent financing function. Japan's rural cooperative financial system is mainly composed of the agricultural and forestry Treasury managed by the central government at the highest level, the credit agricultural cooperative federation at the middle level and the grass-roots agricultural associations at the lowest level. The highest level of the central agroforestry Treasury by the letter to become a shareholder in the composition of the letter to become a shareholder in the United Nations, the letter to become a shareholder in the United States by the basic level of the peasant association, the basic level of the peasant association by farmers to become a shareholder in the participation. There is no administrative subordination between these three levels of organizations. They are completely independent in accounting and operation, and there is no relationship between the leader and the led. The superior organizations mainly guide the operation of the subordinate organizations through economic means.

As the highest institution of Japan's cooperative financial system, the central agroforestry Treasury is equivalent to the head office of the cooperative financial system. Its main function is to coordinate the fund activities of various regions and provide consultation and guidance to the federation. The funds of the central agriculture and forestry Treasury mainly come from three parts: one is the funds deposited on the local credit union; Second, the funds deposited by other agricultural organizations; The third is the funds obtained through the issuance of rural bonds. The central bank of agriculture and forestry will generally provide higher interest rates or incentives than ordinary deposits to support the development of the credit union. The funds of the central agriculture and forestry Treasury are mainly used to meet the financial needs of the federation of credit agriculture-related enterprises and grant loans.

As the middle layer of Japan's agricultural cooperative financial system, it is the link between the central agricultural and forestry Treasury and the grassroots agricultural associations, serving as a link between the preceding and the following. The funds of the federation come from the shares and deposits of the grassroots agricultural associations and other social agricultural groups, and then use the funds to meet the financial needs of the grassroots agricultural associations and related agricultural, forestry and fishery groups.

Grassroots peasant associations are at the bottom of the agricultural cooperative financial system. They are registered and established by farmers and other residents and groups. They have a direct credit relationship with farmers and are the most closely related grassroots organizations to ordinary farmers. Grassroots peasant associations do not aim at making profits, but require farmers to deposit in them the sales funds of their agricultural products and part of the profits they receive from them. With the development of rural economy, the basic-level peasant associations, which originally only issued short-term loans, are now issuing long-term loans, and their proportion is on the rise. In addition to the credit business, grassroots peasant associations can also be engaged in rural insurance, supply and marketing of agricultural products and other agriculture-related businesses.

Policy-based finance in rural Japan was mainly undertaken by the public Treasury of agriculture, forestry and fishery, which was fully funded and established by the Japanese government in accordance with the law on public Treasury of agriculture, forestry and fishery finance at that time. It mainly provides long-term low-interest loans for areas that ordinary financial institutions do not want to get involved in, such as agricultural infrastructure construction. Japan implements an agricultural insurance system similar to policy guarantee. The government provides insurance subsidies, and more than half of farmers' annual insurance costs are borne by the government. In general, Japan's rural finance has developed relatively well in the 60 years after world war ii. In a comprehensive way, cooperative finance plays a dominant role in the rural financial system, which is typical of combining cooperative finance with policy-based finance. The Japanese government has played an important role in building the rural financial system.

France is the eu's largest agricultural production and the world's main agricultural and sideline product exporters, agriculture in its national economy has always played an important role. The French government attaches great importance to agricultural development and has adopted a large number of subsidy policies and relevant professional institutions to serve agricultural development.

At present, the Banks carrying out rural financial business in France are all owned or controlled by the government, mainly including credit agricole bank, credit union bank, public bank and land bank of France. Among them, agricultural credit bank is the core of French rural financial organization system.

France's largest rural financial institution is the agricultural credit banking system, its organizational model is a typical semi-official and semi-civilian system model. According to the principle of mutualism and decentralization, the system consists of local agricultural credit mutual-aid Banks, regional agricultural credit mutual-aid Banks and central agricultural credit Banks.

Local agricultural credit mutual aid Banks. Local agricultural credit mutual-aid Banks are grassroots organizations, composed of individual and collective members as shareholders, and set up service network business offices. They maintain a considerable degree of cooperative financial characteristics and are the most concentrated links of cooperative nature with full autonomy. Local agricultural credit mutual-aid Banks are mainly responsible for the absorption and management of current deposits and reserve funds, the promotion of Treasury bills issued by state credit Banks, and the examination and verification of member loans.

Regional agricultural credit mutual aid bank. Regional agricultural credit mutual aid Banks are semi-official in nature. They are the legal representatives of agricultural credit mutual aid Banks in various provinces and are composed of several local agricultural credit mutual aid Banks.

As the legal representative of credit agricole, cagc is an independent financial institution and the highest premier institution of the national agricultural credit mutual bank. The central agricultural credit bank implements the management mode combining centralization of power and decentralization of power at the local level, but implements the two-level accounting, with the general behavior at the first level and the local and regional Banks at the same level. The head office is under the dual leadership of the ministry of agriculture and the ministry of finance. Its responsibility is to participate in the formulation and implementation of national agricultural credit policies, control and coordinate the business of agricultural mutual aid Banks in various regions. 3.2 financial interest discount of agricultural loans

France adopts a preferential policy of discount interest for loan projects that meet the requirements of national policies and national development plans. The French government encourages agricultural operators to actively invest in agriculture by issuing discount loans directly to them, and subsidizes the difference between the interest of preferential loans and the interest rates in financial markets.

Landesbank is the only French bank to receive a discount from the government. The discount funds are paid by the ministry of agriculture to the local agricultural credit Banks from the annual agricultural budget allocated by the government. Discount interest loans are generally limited to medium - and long-term loans, which are mainly used for agricultural production expenses, investment in production equipment and housing loans for farmers. The term, purpose and quantity of the discount loan shall be determined by the ministry of agriculture in accordance with the credit principle, and the specific loan method shall be determined by the bank in accordance with the basic principles formulated by the ministry of agriculture and the loan charter of the bank. Each year's loan indicators by the head office layer by layer allocation to the provincial and local Banks, as for the specific object of the loan, loan term, term of interest, interest rate range can be decided by the handling bank. For loans to buy land, the longest term of the loan for young farmers is 25 years with 10 years of discount interest, while the average farmer's loan term is 20 years with 7 years of discount interest, but the extended farmer enjoys only 5 years of discount interest. It should be noted that discount loans enjoy discount interest only for a certain period of time, rather than the whole term of the loan.

In general, the French agricultural credit banking system has the characteristics of semi-official and semi-civilian, upper official and lower civilian, and official dominated. On the one hand, the advantages of this organizational model are easy to manage. Projects of cooperative financial institutions in line with national policies and development plans are given priority support or even discounted interest. On the other hand, the disadvantages of this system are also obvious, that is, credit mutual-aid Banks at all levels are less independent, subject to government intervention, with poor operating efficiency and larger state financial subsidies.

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