The public opinion and policy toward China in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The public opinion and policy toward China in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的社会舆论与对华政策。在艾森豪威尔上任期间，美国政府部门像往常一样掌管控制着民众的对华的舆论，并在反对中国方面的舆论宣传推动了冷战共识的发展，而对华冷战共识反过来又促进美国政府对新中国采取更加强硬的政策。政府的舆论管控与社会反华舆论之间的彼此影响、相互推动，最后把艾森豪威尔政府对华遏制政策推向了顶峰。

After the second world war, with ideology as a cut-off point, led by the United States and the Soviet union the two superpowers, the world was divided into two camps, capitalism and socialism, and in many aspects, such as political, economic, and military competition. Since the cold war until the United States in the Vietnam war deeply in this for a long time, the national internal full of strong public opinion atmosphere, against communism from all levels of the society to a wide range of mass media are produced in the United States foreign policy, particularly with respect to the foreign policy of the socialist country consistent attitude, also is what we call "cold war". In this period has a "a President has two position", namely the President proposed on domestic policy debate in congress, will eventually through the probability of only forty percent, but the President's proposal about the foreign policy by the possibility of around seventy percent. For foreign policy, the President's power, compared with congress takes the great advantage. This on the U.S. government and domestic curb the socialist country's foreign policy is very consistent identity is inseparable.

In November 1946, Gallup in about public opinion of the Chinese kuomintang and the civil war in the United States survey, fifty-one percent of people think the communist party of China to accept instructions in Moscow, only ten percent of people don't agree with this view. Thirty-nine percent of people did not put forward their views on this issue. In addition, in China's civil war have an adverse effect on stability of the world, with forty-five percent of people a positive attitude, only twenty-two percent of people choose "no", thirty-three percent chose not to represent any view. China after the Korean war, eighty percent of people think that the reason why China will join the war was directed by the Soviet union. Research in July 1949, on the set: "if the laws of the United States recognized the existence of the communist party, you'll have to allow the faculty of university to join the communist party, and continue to work in the education." Seventy-three percent of people do not recognise this view, only fifteen percent of people agreed, and twelve percent of people don't have said their position. In 1950, in a survey, when asked if people surveyed a war between the United States and the Soviet union, how should treat domestic molecular, the communist party proposed "prison camps, imprisonment, exile, sent to Russia, and sentenced to death was as high as eighty percent or more." As the Chinese communist party to victory in the civil war, the American public hostility in socialist countries has become more and more strong, they put the new classification to the threat of the "red", and? J for the communist party of China and the new China subservient to the Soviet union and satellites. Especially after the Korean war, the United States formed inside the anti-china of dense atmosphere. In February 1958, about "should agree with China's accession to the United Nations", a positive opinion of only seventeen percent, sixty-six percent of the respondents have negative opinions, and the same issue the results of a survey in the UK is very different from the United States, fifty-one percent of respondents were a positive opinion, people who hold the negative opinion is only twenty-one percent. After several times of investigation of this problem, a positive view slightly increased, but the negative attitude of Americans remain above sixty percent. In September 1958 investigation "do you think Taiwan neutralization and put in the protection scope of the United States is a good idea?" Sixty-one percent of people hold a certain point of view, and those who hold negative views is only nineteen percent.

Overall, at the beginning of the cold war, the Americans in the international communist movement of duplicity and felt very ruthlessness of fear ". So roughly with good and evil as a cut-off point, capitalism and socialism in "justice" and "evil" label, think the socialist countries and the international communism games pose no major threat to world peace and stability. Plus, the two countries on the Korean battlefield confrontation and China during the Vietnam war to aid to the north, more magnified by American anti-china sentiment.

Under the background of the public opinion, extreme anti-communist senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy to the historical stage, with his anti-communist as an excuse to everyone, even to avoid its sharpness, Eisenhower most of the diplomats have associated with containment strategy were forced or voluntary resignation, even the containment strategy's founder, George? Kennan also is such. The fierce anti-china opinions for the government to face the internal pressure is very big. In order not to be combined with "concessions to communism", the Eisenhower administration has made a change to wedge strategy, adjust the Truman times "in promoting" policy, instead of China on the implementation of the policy of "to pressure for change".

On November 5, 1953, the national security council approved the succession after the first Eisenhower's China policy documents. The paper argues that the produce of the regime of the communist party of China, from the change in the power of the far east, and the United States in the region in the face of the primary problem is how to deal with powerful and has a hostile to the United States from China this shift in the balance of power, as well as the threat posed by the sino-soviet alliance. Taiwan on August 30, 1954, the NSC 5429/2 spoke against the communist party of China, file a detailed strategy: if necessary, and is good for America, the use of force against all plans by China and support activities; Strengthening of the communist party of Asian countries political, economic and military strength; To keep the kuomintang and the representative position in every United Nations agency; Maintain current embargo, and provide support in the kuomintang in mainland hostile; In a variety of public and secret way within manufacturing division in China, and China's relations with the Soviet union.

These important documents to this period laid the foundation of the China policy of the us. On September 3, 1954, after the first Taiwan strait crisis occurred, within the U.S. government after heated discussion, on December 2nd with the kuomintang reached the beauty jiang mutual defense treaty. Of which are relatively important article 2 "for its more effectively to achieve the purpose of the treaty for the purpose of, states parties will jointly by way of self-help and mutual help individual ability to maintain and develop their individual and collective, to resist armed attack, and by foreign command its territorial integrity and political compromise a girl communist subversive activities." Article 5 "every treaty acknowledges that in the western Pacific region within the territory of any contracting state of armed attack will endanger the peace and security of its own, we and proclaim that will act in accordance with its constitution procedures, to deal with the common risk... Article 7 of "and" the government of the republic of China, the United States of America, in accordance with the decision made by mutual agreement in Taiwan, penghu, and near for its defense needs deployment is the right of the U.S. armed forces." Expression is not clear, but the treaty obligations without the protection of coastal islands accurately, it fully embodies the American war policy, namely on the one hand, shock and awe of the communist party of China, on the other hand control Chiang kai-shek, at the same time avoid positive war with the communist party of China. In southeast Asia, the United States to China as number one enemy, the Vietnam war as the United States and China, liberalism and communism, "lost * * is equal to ten million people will be enslaved by the communist party". So the U.S. government to strengthen the economic aid and military support to France, in an attempt to weaken the influence of the communist party of China in the region.

President Eisenhower in 1954 during a meeting with reporters at the White House on April 7, puts forward the concept of "dominoes" about the Vietnam war: "you will erect a domino. Just put down first, then in the final that piece will fall, thus begins to fall apart." "Asia's 450 million people are living under the slavery of communism, we cannot let this loss increased. If lose Indochina, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia also lost, in addition to the loss of resources and materials, the more means the loss of millions of people. Loss of Indochina will be immeasurable consequences for us." Under the thinking of this, the United States does not agree with the Geneva agreement, also on September 8, 1954 with Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and other countries reached the southeast Asia collective defence treaty, and set up the southeast Asia treaty organization, the south Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia into the scope of protection of the military institutions. So, the United States adjusted by helping France to contain communism in southeast Asia "expansion" means, and to direct intervention and joined the Vietnam war.

Beyond the political blackmail and military threat, America has also increased the economic restrictions on trade with China. After the Korean war, the United States like China will take power in Indochina. France defeated in the battle of dien bien phu was expansion measures taken by the United States as the communist party of China in southeast Asia's success. Is in such a cold war mentality, even if all the Allies of their own economic development interests and proposals to reduce restrictions on trade with China, the United States still hope that the embargo, attempt to hinder the development of Chinese industry. The national security council in June 18, 1954 NSC152 / proposal within 3 files: the new government to maintain the communist party and the current control standards in north Korea. Question several times after, this policy has won its Allies agreed, and did not end until the eve of kissinger's secret visit to China in 1971.

For initiative shown by the Chinese government to improve the attitude of the relations between the two countries, the United States also adopted a negative resistance, such as in August of 1956, China invited 15 major U.S. news media correspondents visit, resolutely perform a travel ban on China and the us state department, refused to visit a reporter? L put the passport. Toughness in the Eisenhower administration's policy toward China.

In general, the United States to China in this period as opposed to the communist expansion in Asia's main rival, hope through tough policy toward China to block China's "expansionist" and alienate the sino-soviet alliance. China policy including embodied in economic blockade, political blackmail and the combination of military deterrence fully contained.

Standing in the American public's anti-china opinions in terms of the impact of government decision-making, loss of China's discussion has not stopped, while no one was willing to may make you to under the threat of China policy put forward relevant Suggestions and become McCarthy molecules in view of the object. Under the state council under the prompting of McCarthy, a lot of outstanding diplomats and Chinese experts have been fired or forced to resign. According to statistics, in 1953 to apply for foreign sector jobs decreased by about fifty percent. Really clear that China expert are basically out of policy makers, foreign policy making personnel cannot objectively understand China, makes the hospital group and congress supported jiang foreign aid China formed the dominant role in China policy [. One million people committee as representative of the U.S. foreign aid to China group organization established in October 1953, in order to give in a petition against China into the United Nations saved 1 million people's signature, the organization implemented a series of related activities. The move to get the help of American society from all walks of life, Even the former President Herbert hoover was one of the sponsors. The New York times and other major mass media is also to help them. The following year in July, one million people committee would gather together enough of the signature of the 1 million people become true "one million" committee. In the face of such a huge pressure of public opinion, all the shake of the government on policy toward China would be considered was greatly interfere with the appeasement.

Stand at this stage the U.S. government for control ways of public opinion in China, high level officials in front of people described as he is under the leadership of the communist party of China with the help of war means another for world hegemony "Nazi Germany". Dulles in a speech in June 1957, China had 600 million people are under the rule of the communist party, the communist party of China in military regime and rely on the force deterrence people; It stirred up and help Indochina, these places such as the Philippines and the malayan communist insurgency; It with violent occupied Tibet; Everywhere, the expansion of desire, and special hate the United States, the United States as a thorn in the side of is to realize the desire. The second Taiwan strait crisis after the September 11, 1958, Eisenhower described to in radio and television, "in the present s, someone using violence to achieve the purpose of aggression, if we are afraid, they will be more aggressively in the western Pacific region to us and our partners launched the war." On October 28, Dulles said in a press conference, China's aggression for kinmen artillery to go "is not a military strategy, killing just does not distinguish between them." On November 13, chamber of commerce in Seattle, he said, the people's commune system is behind The Times of slavery, people is regarded as the material unit, is regarded as national labor tools... Illusion created by this way a huge slave state, and expand the power of the international communist movement." Many senior government officials, including Dulles, several times in front of the mass media to describe China to a highly centralized power, extreme squeezing people, ignoring the slave state of human rights and like killing prompted domestic anti-china mounting public opinion. Fierce anti-china opinions, in turn, promote hawkish advocates continuous support, so that after a long period of time hardening American policy toward China.

Anyhow, Dwight Eisenhower, rather than the United States department of the government, as usual, in charge of controlling public opinion on China, as the government department in the public opinion propaganda against China to promote the development of the consensus of the cold war, and the consensus of the cold war with China, in turn, promote the government to adopt a tougher policy of the People's Republic of China. The government's control of public opinion and social influence each other and promote each other, between the anti-china opinions to the Eisenhower administration pushed to the peak containment policy toward China.

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