teen dating violence--论文代写范文

最近出现的青少年约会暴力，作为一个社会关心的问题，美国参议院通过了一项决议，国家青少年约会暴力意识和预防加强。随着效应的扩大，青少年约会暴力的立法，要求阻止这一现象。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Introduction 
  Abuse in dating relationships is common among adolescents. In the United States, according to commonly cited figures, 10 to 12 percent of teens report physical abuse, and 33 percent report some kind of abuse.1 Other sources cite different figures, often higher. This dating abuse has a plethora of negative associated conditions or consequences. Despite the high prevalence rates and deleterious effects, however, teen dating abuse has been slow to gain recognition as a critical public-health and policy concern. Adult intimate-partner violence and marital abuse more generally have gained such recognition, as seen, especially in the past three decades, in policy, program, and legal responses, and in an extensive research literature base devoted to the problem. 

  Adolescents, by comparison, were long overlooked as a population that suffers from relationship abuse. The research literature on this age-group, particularly, precollege-age teens, has been sparse, notwithstanding indications that dating violence among teens is not only serious, but also exhibits unique features as compared with its manifestation at other life periods. Only recently, especially in the decade 2000 to 2010, has this neglect shifted, with teen dating violence moving higher on the policy and research agenda. This recent emergence of teen dating violence as a societal concern was confirmed and advanced by a recent gesture in the U. S. Congress. In January 2010, the Senate passed a resolution (S. Res. 373) to designate the month of February 2010 as National Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Month. 

  In March 2010, the House passed a companion resolution (H. Res. 1081).2 Along with expanding the previously designated Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Week to a month, this legislation calls for prioritizing efforts to stop teen dating violence. The Senate resolution “calls upon the people of the United States, including youth and parents, schools, law enforcement, state and local officials, and interested groups to observe . . . [the month] with appropriate programs and activities that promote awareness and prevention of the crime of teen dating violence in their communities.”

  In offering their rationale for the passage of these resolutions, the House and Senate outline some of the disturbing trends regarding teen dating violence that prompted passage of the resolutions. The resolutions touch on the high prevalence of dating violence and its deleterious consequences, specifically mentioning reduced school attendance, increased likelihood of risky sexual behavior, “substance abuse, eating disorders . . . suicide, and adult revictimization.” The resolutions also state that communities, including parents, are insufficiently aware of the issue of teen dating abuse. Finally, the resolutions mention a new factor that heightens the urgency of combating lack of awareness and neglect of the issue, the emergence of digital abuse as a new frontier for teen dating abuse. 

  This abuse involves online harassment or bullying, including actions associated with “sexting,” the electronic receipt and sending of sexually explicit or suggestive images or text messages. In addition to this recent action by the Congress to elevate teen dating violence on the policy agenda, more and more states have brought increased recognition to the issue. In particular, state legislatures have acted to improve legal provisions pertinent to dating abuse among teens, e.g., laws governing access to orders of protection, requirements for parental consent to such access, and mandates requiring schools to provide education for violence prevention.3 As of March 2011, 14 states reportedly had laws mandating education on teen dating violence: Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. 

  Another six had similar pending legislation: California, Georgia, Maryland, Oregon, and Texas.4 Accompanying and spurring legislative responses at the state level as well as the federal level has been a growing body of empirical research on adolescent dating violence. The current decade has seen belated stepped-up efforts to examine the nature and extent of teen dating abuse, to illuminate various forms of abuse, to investigate age, gender, racial, and other demographic differences, and to understand correlates, predictors, and outcomes with which the abuse is associated. A limited but growing quantity of evaluation research has also emerged with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of an array of prevention and intervention initiatives that seek to combat teen relationship abuse. The stepped-up research efforts of this decade are the focus ofthis summary of research and annotated bibliography. The summary and bibliography cover the following topics as they pertain to this decade’s literature on dating violence: how adolescent dating violence is defined and measured, the prevalence of such violence, what factors influence dating violence for teens, and what types of programs might be effective means of prevention or intervention.

  Definition of Teen Dating Violence The body of research literature and evaluation studies on adolescent dating violence or abuse does not operate with a uniform definition of such violence. A consensus is evident in the literature that teen dating abuse resembles adult domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behavior used to control another person. However, apart from agreement that behaviors of interpersonal coercion and power assertion are involved, teen dating violence has been defined in a number of ways that vary in comprehensiveness.5 A minority of researchers restrict the definition to include only the use of physical force or threats of force by or against a current or former intimate partner. 

  More commonly, researchers use the terms dating violence or dating abuse in more encompassing ways. In broader definitions and usage, the terms cover a continuum of controlling or dominating acts that cause some degree of harm.6 When the literature operates with broader definitions, it most often includes three forms or commonly studied subtypes—physical abuse, psychological/emotional or verbal abuse, and sexual abuse.7 Physical dating violence includes a wide spectrum of activities. One of the best known authorities on teen dating violence, Vangie A. Foshee, lists examples of physical dating violence, including scratching, slapping, pushing, slamming or holding someone against a wall, biting, choking, burning, beating someone up, and assault with a weapon.8 Such violence obviously manifests itself with degrees of seriousness. 

  In the literature on dating violence, physical abuse has sometimes been divided for separate study into mild, moderate, and severe forms, based on the likelihood of resulting injuries. Psychological/emotional/verbal abuse, like physical abuse, encompasses a broad array of behaviors in the literature on dating violence. Such abuse may include insulting, criticizing, humiliating in front of friends, or berating a partner. The literature also commonly covers within the category of psychological abuse various threatening behaviors.9 Examples of such threatening behaviors include threats to hurt a partner, threats to damage a partner’s possessions, throwing objects at a partner but missing, and starting but stopping short of hitting a partner. Further, psychological abuse includes emotional manipulation, for example, threatening suicide, ignoring the partner, or threatening to break up. 

  Other common forms of such abuse are behaviors whose effect is to undermine the partner’s self-esteem and independence, e.g., attempting to isolate a partner from family, friends, or other potential social supports, and attempting to make a victim feel “crazy” by continually questioning the person’s judgment.10 A concept newly brought into the literature on dating violence, “relational aggression,” is a further type of abuse related to psychological abuse.11 Discussed until recently mostly in connection with peer rather than dating relationships, such aggression involves, among other things, trying to damage a person’s relationship with friends by spreading smears and false rumors or by revealing information or images intended to be private.12 Finally, psychological abuse covers various stalking and excessive monitoring activities, such as spying on a partner’s interactions with others or insisting that a partner always account for his or her whereabouts. 

  A theme now emerging in the literature on dating violence with respect to psychological abuse—especially relational aggression and excessive monitoring—is the facilitation of such abuse through the use of electronic technologies—cell phones and social networking.13 While most of the literature on the use of these technologies for interpersonal abuse among teens still focuses on peer abuse and bullying, attention is growing to their specific uses in dating-related emotional abuse. Besides psychological and physical abuse, the third major subtype of abuse encompassed in broad definitions of teen dating violence is sexual abuse. Sexual abuse between adolescent partners can involve rape, attempted rape, and other forms of sexual coercion, including birthcontrol sabotage.(paper代写)

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