Uncertainty Reduction Theory--论文代写范文

非语言亲和表现力，会减少不确定性水平,喜欢互动合作也将减少不确定性。人们最有可能从事不确定性的活动，在三种情况下:(一)与合作伙伴交互有激励的作用；(b)合作伙伴有越轨行为；(c)有预期的未来与合作伙伴的互动。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

  In their early discussion of uncertainty reduction theory (URT), Berger and Calabrese (1975) made a key assumption that during initial interactions with strangers, an individual’s primary concern was to reduce uncertainty about the other’s interaction behaviors. They asserted that uncertainty reduction involved both a ―proactive process of creating predictions‖ and a ―retroactive process of explaining the other’s behavior‖ (p. 101). The theory proposed seven axioms describing the relationship between uncertainty and the amount of verbal communication, nonverbal affiliative expressiveness1 , information seeking behavior, intimacy level of communication content, reciprocity rate2 , similarities between interaction partners, and liking.

  According to the theory, in a situation where the uncertainty level is high, the amount of verbal communication, information seeking behavior, and reciprocity rates will increase in order to reduce the uncertainty; nonverbal affiliative expressiveness and the intimacy level of communication content, on the contrary, will decrease when uncertainty level is high; and similarities and liking to the interaction partners will reduce uncertainty. Berger (1979) later on suggested that people would most likely engage in uncertainty reduction activities under three circumstances: (a) there are incentive values to interact with the partners; (b) partners have deviant behaviors; and (c) there are anticipated future interactions with the partners. In order to reduce the uncertainty about the partners, people would use any combination or all three types of passive, active, and interactive information-seeking strategies to find out more about the partners. People who adopt passive information-seeking strategies will obtain information with the minimal or no direct effects on the target person. 

  The target will have the least awareness of the fact that they are being observed. The passive strategies can be gathering information about the target person from online search engines, like Google; reading his blogs; following his tweets on Tweeter; or checking up his status updates on Facebook. Active information-seeking strategies require some efforts in order to find out something about the target, although they do not involve direct interaction with him. Berger (1979) suggested two active information strategies: the first is to ask the third parties who might be familiar with the target; the second is environmental structuring—by creating an environment in which they can unobtrusively observe the target. For first year students, they might find out that they and their future roommates have some common Facebook friends, so they can ask them about their roommates. Interactive strategies require a direct interaction with the target during which different tactics are used to elicit the desired information. They can be direct verbal interrogation or reciprocal self-disclosure.

 Predicted Outcome Value Theory 
  Subsequent research on URT has produced conflicting results, leading to important revisions to the theory. Kellermann (1986) found that the anticipated future interaction did not always lead to reduced uncertainty, and sometimes increased information-seeking behaviors would even result in a higher level of uncertainty (Planalp & Honeycutt, 1985). In predicted outcome value theory, Sunnafrank (1986) expanded URT and proposed that when a person expected greater predicted outcome values (POV) in the future relationship, he would be more attracted to the partner; more efforts would be made to ―extend interaction and establish future contact‖ (p.10) if the person anticipated positive predicted relational outcomes, but if the person anticipated negative outcomes in the future, he may ―terminate or curtail the conversation and future contact‖ (p.11); and finally, the person would choose conversation topics that would lead to the most positive outcomes. 

  He contended that the relationship between uncertainty and the seven factors proposed in URT axioms would vary, depending on what kind of relational outcome the person would expect for the future relationship. According to POV, what Berger and Calabrese (1975) proposed would only be true under the circumstances where the person was expecting a positive relational outcome. For college freshmen preparing to move in with roommates they have never met before, there is a fairly short period between the day they receive their roommate assignment (normally in early August) to the day they move in together (in late August). One can only expect that they would experience a very high level of uncertainty about living with a stranger. Sunnafrank (1990) suggested that when people anticipate that they will be in ―close physical proximity‖ in the future—defined by Berger (1979) as ―anticipated future interaction‖—the process of reducing uncertainty will most likely happen. This is exactly the scenario faced by college freshmen, who understandably rely on a social network site like Facebook to learn more about their future roommates, as they seek to develop a good and close roommate relationship.

  Both theories proposed that high levels of uncertainty lead to an increase in informationseeking behaviors. However, URT suggested that as uncertainty levels decrease, informationseeking behaviors decrease, too (Berger, 1979; Berger & Calabrese, 1975), while POV had an opposite proposition—reduced uncertainty would cause increased information-seeking behaviors when positive outcome values were expected; whereas when negative outcome values were expected, reduced uncertainty would produce decreased information-seeking behaviors (Sunnafrank, 1986, 1990). It is natural to assume that college freshmen would expect a positive relational outcome value with their future roommates. With the popularity of Facebook among students, they are able to engage in information-seeking behaviors to form a better idea of what their roommates would be like as well as what it would be like to live together. 

  The characteristics of Facebook's design allow freshmen to adopt any combination of the three information-seeking strategies to help reduce their uncertainty about their future roommates, but adding/accepting the roommates as their Facebook friends is a prerequisite condition. They could use passive strategies with no direct intervention and minimal effects on the roommates’ behaviors, active strategies in which no direct contact is made with the roommates, and/or interactive strategies involving direct interaction with the roommates (Berger, 1979) on Facebook. For example, they may be able to obtain their roommates’ demographic and background information, observe their prospective roommates’ interactions with other Facebook friends, and initiate direct interactions with them on Facebook (not necessarily in this order, though). In other words, Facebook facilitates the information-seeking process by enabling incoming students to choose whatever methods they feel most useful and comfortable for reducing uncertainty about their future roommates. With regard to information-seeking behavior and uncertainty, the first part of hypothesis 1 is proposed: Hypothesis 1 (A): Before moving in with the previously unacquainted roommates, (a) the frequency that freshmen invest in gathering information about their roommates on Facebook, (b) the interaction with the roommates on Facebook, and (c) the number of channels used for communication will have a positive impact on reducing uncertainty about their future roommates.(paper代写)

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