Nonseparability of Shared Intentionality--论文代写范文精选

我们如何与他人和社会互动，塑造我们的世界观，日常遇到的情况，有助于我们使用符号语言，从社会成为调查的对象。与现象学描述,潜在的科学解释强调社会知觉中的作用。下面的paper代写范文进行详述。

Abstract
According to recent studies in developmental psychology and neuroscience, symbolic language is essentially intersubjective. Empathetically relating to others renders possible the acquisition of linguistic constructs. Intersubjectivity develops in early ontogenetic life when interactions between mother and infant mutually shape their relatedness. Empirical findings suggest that the shared attention and intention involved in those interactions is sustained as it becomes internalized and embodied. Symbolic language is derivative and emerges from shared intentionality. In this paper, we present a formalization of shared intentionality based upon a quantum approach. From a phenomenological viewpoint, we investigate the nonseparable, dynamic and sustainable nature of social cognition and evaluate the appropriateness of quantum interaction for modelling intersubjectivity.

Introduction 
How do we relate to others and how do social interactions shape our worldview? What are the processes underlying everyday social encounters and how do these processes contribute to enculturation and our use of symbolic language? Questions of this kind have been of considerable interest ever since the social world became the object of investigation. More recently, studies in developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience have shed new light on how we interact with each other and the world we inhabit. 

In conjunction with phenomenological descriptions, potential scientific explanations of intersubjectivity emphasize the role of social perception and the importance of sustained interactions between social beings. From the earliest age, human infants relate to their mothers in an embodied and imitative way which lays the foundation for them to grow into social and cultural reality. The distinction of self and other as well as linguistic abilities are claimed to emerge from an ongoing interaction with other humans. 

In adulthood, developmental perspectives also provide evidence of how we are able to adopt a detached or third person view of the world. Experiencing concrete categories like book or abstract concepts like democracy as distinct or independent from us as observers, is like these objects being there for everyone [7,8,9]. If we perceive others, for instance in a conversation, we do this by presupposing our partners to be subjects like us, but in a way that transcends oursubjectivity due to the other being there for, or accessible to, everyone else. It is this presupposed intersubjectivity that facilitates a shared world of objects as the foundation for enculturation including the development of symbolic language. Language and the sense of self and other develop in early ontogenetic life through an ongoing interaction between mother and infant. Even before the infant develops a deliberate sense of self, there is a bodily pairing between mother and infant that is characterized by an intermodal link between action, in particular motor behaviour, and perception of the mother [10,11]. It is this perceptual, practical and self-enganging sense of other agents which is essentially not separable into ego and alter ego (self and other) and maintained throughout life. There is always some degree of undifferentiated identification; self and other are never fully distinguished [12].

In this paper, we want to make explicit this presuppositional sense of the other by formalizing shared intentionality using notions borrowed from quantum mechanics. Quantum formalisms lend themselves to model interactive, contextdependent and emerging phenomena [13,14,15,16] and could provide considerable help in developing a more precise understanding of intersubjectvity. We proceed as follows. In the next section, we introduce intersubjectivity by means of two important concepts. Firstly, social perception emphasizes the direct or non-inferential character of social interaction. Secondly, the discovery of mirror neurons in cognitive neuroscience supports social perception. Mirror neurons provide an intermodal bridge between action and perception. 

Acting and perceiving someone else performing are two nonseparable and intentional concepts which we will formally introduce in Section 3. We will show that states involved in mother-infant interactions are essentially nonseparable and that this can be represented as a an entangled quantum state. The mutual anticipation of the other’s reaction involves nonseparable states of an emerging interaction process. In Section 4, we conclude that entangled states must derive from the nonseparable time evolutions that govern the dynamic co-emergence [17] of shared intentional states and intentional states of mother and infant. Departing from our developed notion of shared intentionality, in Section 5, we disuss intersubjectivity from the perspective of phenomenology. We contrast intersubjectivity as empathy with intersubjectivity as co-subjectivity and integrate both dimensions under the umbrella of shared intentionality. Lastly, we give a conclusion and outlook toward future work.

Intersubjectivity 
In this section, we introduce intersubjectivity or shared intentionality according to recent discussions in developmental psychology and neuroscience. In sharing intentions, agents perceive each other based upon a multiplicity of states such as emotions or somatic sensations [18]. Mirror neurons support the nonseparability of such states as they link one’s own actions with perception of someone else’s movements and actions.

Social Perception Classical theories of social cognition have been critizised for overintellectualizing social cognition by underestimating perception [10,19,20]. The two dominant theories, Theory theory (TT) and simulation theory (ST), require subjects to add extra inferential mechanisms in order to understand the other. However, experiments reveal infants reacting with facial expressions or patterns of vocalization and gestures to affordances such as movement or sounds without a need for theory or models [19]. Once the child develops and acquires concepts, the initial smartness of early infant perception (that is perception as inherently active, direct and non-inferential) is maintained. 

I still recognize my friend as being my friend without necessarily attributing him with a certain attitude towards me. Hence, neither the smartness nor the directness of perception is necessarily dependent on perceiving things under concepts or judgement [10]. Put another way, perception itself is conceptual but not in the sense of explicit deliberate judgement [23]. Perception essentially gets shaped or informed by the ongoing interaction between intentionalities [20]. Of course, the role of perception does not rule out deliberation affecting perception, however, in many social encounters the smartness of direct perception mirrors our ability to skilfully interact with others. Later in ontogenetic life, perception is also informed by the language and concepts we learn. Empirical studies show that children acquire linguistic abilities through language use [3,2,1] and thus through social interaction. Obviously, this presupposes the social community the child is part of. 

Moreover, the community itself embodies conventionalized conceptual structure derived from language use. Learning words intersubjectively in early ontogenetic life is essentially a process of extracting elements from the larger linguistic construction of adults. After months of gestural and vocal interaction, most Western middle-class children begin producing linguistic utterances in the months following the first birthday [1]. Such first expressions (holophrases), which are mainly declarative statements, imperative requests and interrogative questions, are learned and used in the same intentional context as for the perceptual or non-linguistic intentionalities during the first year of their life. From there, more complex constructions develop. For instance, conceptual integration, the formation of abstract concepts accross episodes or the reflexive adoption of the perspective of the listener. It is the latter which has only recently been taken seriously into account.(paper代写)

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