Climate change and sustainable development

气候变化科学的最新研究表明，从人类社会的工业化始于1750，化石燃料的大量使用，产生的二氧化碳排放和其它温室气体，从而加速了许多严重的环境问题的出现。这一综合效应自第二十世纪中期起就带动了全球变暖，使之成为人类社会可持续发展的重要问题。本文分析了造成气候变化的主要原因，根据科学家的研究，报告全球变暖问题，全球变暖的影响，以及发达国家和发展中国家应对气候变化的措施。从而更好地保护气候、环境和人类健康，最终实现人类社会的可持续发展。

1. Climate change has became a global inevitable problem 

Latest research of climate change science shows that from human society industrialization began in 1750, the slather using of the fossil fuel, has produced CO2 emission and other green house gases, which accelerates the appearance of many serious environmental problems. The comprehensive effect also has driven global warming since the middle of the 20th century, making it become an important issue for sustainable development of human society. Facing with climate change issue, policymakers focus on it seriously, social public also concern about it, especially environmental scientists have responsibility to issue new progress of climate change science to society, so as to protect climate、environmental and human health better, finally achieve sustainable development of human society. 

This essay analyses the main reason causing climate change according to scientists research、report on global warming issues, impact of global warming, as well as provide  measures for developed and developing countries to cope with climate change together. The essay is divided into four main parts. The first part briefly introduces the concept of climate change. The second part expounds a series of global environmental report by environmental scientists of IPCC and scientists’ research to analyze the causes of climate change deeply. The third part provides solutions to developed and developing countries on climate change issue. Finally the essay explains the importance of environmental protection, developed and developing countries should cooperate with each other together to fight in this environmental battle.

2. Environmental scientists from all over the world focus on climate change

Climate change is a science problem for the start, it is the result of Intervention of human activities on nature, but with the problem has more and more serious influence on human, it has became an inevitable environmental problem global now. Talk about the solution to climate change, it also connect to the environmental problem, which also involves many aspects, such as the social 、economy and international politics of each countries in the world and many aspects. Therefore, in the past decades, scientific evaluation and vision on climate change are both on expanding development.

Given that global climate change has a huge impact on human society from long times ago, the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (also called IPCC), organizes scientists from developed countries、 developing countries and transitioning countries together to make an scientific evaluation, on the scientific basis of global climate change, impact, adaptation and vulnerability, those scientists from all over the world providing a scientific basis for negotiations of an global organization called Unite Nation Framework Convention, an global organization that focus on Climate Change problems.(Following is referred to as the convention)

During the second scientific evaluation of IPCC in the 1990s, it defined system analysis social and economic connotation of climate change clearly. Due to social and economic problems inevitably involve the content such as cost, efficiency and distribution problems, cost allocation, income distribution such kind of issue of fairness highlighted again. So in the third scientific evaluation of IPCC, issue of fairness was also brought into the analysis. In this way, climate change, environmental impact, social justice are closely interwoven together, climate change is a scientific aspect problem from the start, now making it turn into a global serious comprehensive sustainable development problems. 

Since 1990, IPCC has completed four evaluation report successively, laid science foundation for global has a correct understanding of climate change and let them realize that how important the problem is. Also it is better for them to understand its influence, and what kind of action to take to tackle climate change. On the basis of four evaluations before, more observation and research proved that global warming is continue to influence our beautiful earth, IPCCAR5 stressed that the climate change process must be slowed and urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and so on. With IPCCAR5 series report released, it drawn the international community‘s attention on climate change issue again. People realize this problem becoming more and more serious for them.

For consecutive 26 years, nearly thousands of scientists from all over the world working on the front line of climate system science, they evaluate scientific research achievements of this field, leading the way for the sustainable development. Via long-term scientific accumulation it develops into a new science--climate change science. IPCC report also conveys the latest, cutting-edge and the most comprehensive scientific information to research community, which has important significance for human sustainable development, environmental protection and ecological civilization construction.

Scientists’ research shows that human activities including the burning of fossil fuels has caused serious problem for the climate change, other greenhouse gases emissions intensify the global warming process, too, making global warming more seriously than any time before. Nowadays humans are enhancing a bad result from their own activities to the earth, research shows that there are mainly six types of greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, in which the warming effect of carbon dioxide should account for about sixty percent of the total effect of greenhouse gases.

Once carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, it has 50 years to 200 years life time. The current global warming, is a result of the cumulative effect of carbon dioxide emissions. According to statistics, from 1850s to about 2050s, carbon dioxide that the developed countries emissions accounted for 95% on the world’s emissions; From 1950 to 2002, developed countries has an account also very higher about 77% of global total emissions. During about 200 years of industrialization, there were mass emission of greenhouse gases from developed countries, those who have unshirkable responsibility for climate change, should bear the main obligations; developing countries with few historical emissions, per capita emissions low, and belongs to the survival emissions, its primary task is to develop their economy, eradicate poverty, strengthen its strategies to cope with climate change. To cope with climate change, should give full consideration to development rights and develop space of developing countries.

Erich Fischer and Reto Knutti from Zurich, Switzerland atmospheric and climate science research center of the airy, using 25 climate model, calculating the relationship between the probability of abnormal weather events and global temperature rise. Research shows that since the industrial revolution, global temperature rise of 0.85 degrees Celsius has a very big impact. 75% extreme high temperatures and 18% extreme rainfall may be associated with climate change, and the more rare and extreme weather events, the more likely they are to blame for climate change.

 Fisher and Reto Knutti made a research of the influence of temperature increase 2 degrees Celsius. They found that if the temperature rise 2 degrees, two-fifths of the storm is blamed for global warming.

Fisher said: "Originally, one-in-a-million the hot weather is expected will only happen once every 30 years, but since the global warming, the frequency has became a four-in-a-million. That means, three-quarters were extremely hot weather like this should not happen. Although global warming is not the only cause of abnormal weather, but its share is higher and higher."

Professor Peter Stott from the national weather service in Britain's Exeter indicated, for those policymakers who want to protect their country and the city, fisher and Reto Knutti statistics are thoughtful.

Mitigating climate change is the requirement of sustainable development. See from the view of social development, to slow climate change has a good impact on controlling the pollution and improving human health. From the view of the sustainable use of resources, to slow climate change could have a better way to improve energy efficiency, also good for reducing energy intensity and promoting global new energy use. More importantly, Mitigating climate change can stimulate technical innovation and system innovation, making human toward a path more prosperous and sustainable future.)

On the other hand, to slow climate change, developed countries and developing countries in the world should cooperate with each other to reduce greenhouse gas emissions together, although it would has all kinds of bad effect on economic development for developing countries that focus on developing their economy. Emissions of developed countries would certain have a cost, limiting greenhouse gases emissions in developing world, under the current technology and capital level, would affect speed and scale of the development. But, regardless of developed countries or developing countries, to slow climate change, , is consistent with the goals of sustainable development on the long view.()

"Sustainable development and fairness" is the base of climate policy evaluation principle, it emphasize the necessity of the mitigation actions. If all countries are from the maximization of self-interest, then mitigation actions won’t get any effective result. Mitigation needs global cooperation. Mitigation and adaptation must consider "fairness, justice and justice". Justice could promote cooperation more effective (emissions, responsibility, ability etc).

《The United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)》 is changeable BBS to respond to climate change that global participate. Since 2007, due to the UNFCCC carry out all kinds of activities, more and more institution and mechanism began to cooperate with each other in the field of climate change.

The Kyoto protocol provides the experience and lessons for achieve the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC, especially in participation, implementation, flexible mechanism and environmental effectiveness aspects;

3. Solutions to cope with climate change

Policies connection between regional, national climate change policies of mitigation and adaptation brings a potential benefits. Via regional cooperation between national policies and measures, established a link between each other;

The international and regional activities are all under formulation or implementation, but so far the impact on the global to slow climate change still remains limited.

Mitigating climate change, this global action definitely needs to be implemented by developed countries and developing countries together, and it must implemented under the basic of global sustainable development: Sustainable development also request to slow climate change explicitly. At the national level, need to slow climate change policies incorporated into the national experience of the development of the policy system, through practice of sustainable development global, to promote to slow climate change. Just the same with the sustainable development of the global, to mitigate climate change need to strengthen international cooperation of developed countries and developing countries together. In 2002 the international summit pay more attention on global sustainable development, it is very good expectation that on the summit process, developed countries promise to developing countries to increase official development assistance to help developing countries leave poverty, provide rich water resource to developed countries、sanitation conditions and cooperate with each other make efforts to protect global environment. International cooperation in climate change mitigation framework, the cooperation based on the common goal of developing countries and developed countries, though they have differentiated responsibility on this issue, developed countries take the lead to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and via financial assistance and technology transfer to help developing countries improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve common goal--sustainable development.

Reference:
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[12]5th Session of the IPCC, Geneva, 13 -15 March 1991, available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session05/fifth-session-report.pdf)
[13]11th Session of IPCC Working Group III and 33rd Session of the IPCC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 5 - 8 and 10 - 13 May 2011,available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/scripts/_session_template.php?page=_33ipcc.htm)
[14]3rd Session of the IPCC, Washington D.C., 5 - 7 February 1990, available at:http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session03/third-session-report.pdf


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