Study of Human Rights--悉尼Assignment代写范文

悉尼Assignment代写范文:“Study of Human Rights”，这篇论文主要描述的是人类的发展时间非常的漫长，随着人类思想的进步，人权也随着出现，在基督教中认为人是由上帝所创造，因此人必须坚定的信奉着上帝，服从着上帝的权威，但是随着科技的进步和科学的普及，人们的信仰也发生了改变，人们开始注重起了人权的问题。

Introduction

Compared with human beings’ history the term human rights came into being long after it. Referring to Christianity man is created by God and he must behave and live according to law of God. Later the law was expanded to natural law. Man has experienced a long-term development from pre-modern age to modern or post-modern era during which our belief and ideology has changed so much that we shifted from firmly believing in God, His holy Power and absolute authority to science and technology which have not only reshaped the world but also the view that we look at the world, human bings and relationship between the two.(Lauren, Paul Gordon, 2003) It seems that man have moved to a new stage and level where he can recognize and create the technology and tool to know and even transform the world instead of depending on God or God’s bless. However there is still certain issue that concerns every nation and every human being and people can hardly totally answer or handle the issue even with the most advanced equipment and theory. That permanent topic is human rights towards which people has discussed, debated and developed from ancient time to current age but still can not reach a agreement on this issue and sometimes the issue even can cause a battle between nations holding different opinions on human rights.

Background

Firstly it is necessary to look back to the history of human rights. As it has been mentioned before the concept human rights appeared long after the beginning of human beings’ history. Does it can explain that in ancient time people do not have basic human rights? To the problem there are different groups of ideas.

Some people believe that in old times human rights were granted to ruler, the representative of his citizens, who would distribute certain limited rights to his people and the rights people could share at that time are included in the range of human rights nowadays. In ancient Greece all the free citizens had the right to speak and discuss politics in public, vote in the political assembly and their voices could be heard by governor. Therefore ancient society pattern of Greece is s good example to demonstrate the view. (Yoffee, Norman, 2005)

While others think that people in old days were out of human rights since they were generally under control of ruler who was commonly regarded as a symbol of rights and placed himself over his people and law. Such phenomena are easy to be found in various nations’ history like Spain, Japan and so on.

Moving from ancient time to middle ages, rights of man were gathered to hands of church and common people could only got rights from God’s representatives—priests. Through a series of democratic movements including Renaissance and Enlightenment, human beings gradually waked up to their own rights which were granted by God and unalienable. Then various social activities were launched like feminist movement which provoked the importance of human rights of women. More and more people got involved in different discussions and movements related to human rights. With the popularity of Evolution Theory, the concept that human beings are generation of apes instead of the creation of God widely accepted and man his rights should conserve and protected by himself rather than God or Church. (Samuel Moyn, 2010)

Basic content of human rights

In modern times, to some extant people have commonly agreed on some basic aspects of human rights which should include following parts: in the first place, human rights generally refer to the rights that people are born with and as a man regardless of his nation, race and religion he has the innate rights; secondly the main idea of human rights is that each man should be treated in line with human rights. These two basic features universality and humanity are basic features of human rights. When it goes further to the nature of human rights there are more reference can be found. Generally speaking it has been acknowledged that the essential characteristic of human rights is the pursuit of freedom and equality and the goal of exploring human rights is to seek man’s existence and development. Without liberty and equality it is impossible for people to survive as a man to pursue his dignity, existence and development. Freedom and equality serve for man’s overall development, help him get rid of depression, exploitation and discrimination and they are premise of human beings’ dignity as a man. On the other hand, liberty and equality are meaningless if man’s basic right of existence and development are deprived of. Therefore the complete meaning of human rights is that each man survives and develops freely and equally or in other words man should be granted freedom and equality necessary for his existence and development.

Although agreement has been made on the fundamental aspects of human rights, there still great difference exists in concrete contents and practice level. It has formed a strong contrast between consensus abstract understanding of human rights and specific practice process.

Conflict in the aspect of human rights

As to the issue west world and some eastern countries often criticize each other’s weakness and insufficience in protecting human rights domestically. The two wildly known countries that always find the other’s fault in the aspect of human rights are the United States and China. This pair can perfectly demonstrate problems related to human rights exist in the current world since one of them is the most powerful nation in western world and the other is the most emerging economy in the east and each of them represent a typical social system and ideology pattern. (Robertson, Arthur Henry, Merrills, J. G., 1996)

As we all know, the United States is a typical capitalist country which is newly founded in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was signed and passed. The Declaration of Independence is not only a symbol of the foundation of a new and liberal America but also a milestone for American people who are commonly guaranteed by the document of their fundamental rights which are claimed as that: "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." (Thomas Jefferson, 1776) This is, in the document, held to be universal - not only to American citizens but to all men without exception. With the status of world leader being established, the United States has become a model for other countries to learn from not only its economic and social system but also values and ideological pattern. As a result western world as well as America’s allies like Briton and Japan all tend to praise the value system of the United States and with no doubt the concept of natural rights of man wildly spread by America is generally accepted. Therefore America together with the western world have formed a series of standard that complies with their own history, culture, tradition and nations’ concrete situation to evaluate the condition of other nation’s human rights. While China as a country with a great ancient civilization it has experienced a long term of feudal society during which rights were collected in hands of ruler and common people were given relatively limited rights by the ruler. And at the same time as a new nation founded in 1949 China is a communist country and it has formed a way with its own feature to connect the world.

China has suffered a lot of criticism for example though China has opened its door for outside world, it still set limits in the area of internet. Facebook is a universally spread social network of America but it can not get permission from Chinese government to operate in China inland. In addition some researches find that common people’s right of speech, right to know, electoral right and other basic rights are limited and supervised by the government. All these issues have become the evidence for the west to condemn the human rights’ situation in China. At the same time, China also criticizes the racial discrimination unfair electoral system and huge gap between the rich and the poor in the United States.

Human rights has become a weapon for this two nations to attack each other, while such kind of recrimination is meaningless to change the situation of human rights in each country and even does harm to normal exchanges between them. There is no absolute fair measure to evaluate all the nations human rights’ condition or completely accepted standard to judge who has done a better job in protecting human rights while another should be blamed in this aspect. Therefore as to the issue international community should enhance tolerance and mutual understanding since each nation has its own social and historical background and it should carry out its work on human rights according to its own concrete situation.

Conclusion

Human rights are people’s innate and unalienable rights which belong to every individual regardless of his gender, age, nation, race, and religion and each man’s natural rights should be protected and can not be deprived illegally. It is against humanity to deprive or prejudice anyone’s human rights and each man has responsibility to guarantee his and other people’s human rights. However it is not advocated to impose one’s own values to others since each individual is unique and different and human rights can not be taken as an excuse for some nation to interfere in others’ domestic affairs or an arm to attack each other. Even though nation, race and religion could be different, the nature of man is same and equal through out the world and human beings should work together as a united group of rational and moral man to protect, understand and care for each other.

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