EMERGING THE EMERGENCE SOCIOLOGY--论文代写范文精选

可能最经典的问题在人文和社会科学的追求，从何处开始的理论框架方法的社会现象。在通用的,社会学的人类集体行为。另一方面,心理学学习人类的个体结构和社会现象如何影响个人。下面的paper代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
The structuration theory originally provided by Anthony Giddens and the advance improvement of the theory has been trying to solve the dilemma came up in the epistemological aspects of the social sciences and humanity. Social scientists apparently have to choose whether they are too sociological or too psychological. Nonetheless, in the works of the classical sociologist, Emile Durkheim, this thing has been stated long time ago. The usage of some models to construct the bottom-up theories has followed the vast of computational technology. This model is well known as the agent based modeling. This paper is giving a philosophical perspective of the agent-based social sciences, as the sociology to cope the emergent factors coming up in the sociological analysis. The framework is made by using the artificial neural network model to show how the emergent phenomena came from the complex system. Understanding the society has selforganizing (autopoietic) properties, the Kohonen’s self-organizing map is used in the paper. By the simulation examples, it can be seen obviously that the emergent phenomena in social system are seen by the sociologist apart from the qualitative framework on the atomistic sociology. In the end of the paper, it is clear that the emergence sociology is needed for sharpening the sociological analysis in the emergence sociology. Keywords: Sociology, emergence, agent-based, structuration, communication, neural network.

Introduction 
Probably the most classical question in humanity and social sciences is the quest of where to start the theoretical framework to approach the social phenomena. In generic, sociology learns the human being in their collective behavior, structures, institution, and dynamics: from the collection of human beings to the individual beings. In the other hand, psychology learns human being in their individual structure and how the social phenomena influenced the individuals: from the single individual of human being to the collection of human being. More clearly, some works of the classical sociologist, Emile Durkheim, is presumed to be some kind of dilemma, Durkheim’s Dilemma (Sawyer, 2002). 

Durkheim stated that sociological laws can be only the corollary of the more general laws of psychology; the ultimate explanation of collective life will consist in showing how it emanates from human nature in general (Durkheim, 1895). Some behaviorists - whether she came from the discourse of sociology or psychology - argue that human being shall only be seen by their behaviors empirically. The behavior is the most important aspects of human being, consequently human being is seen from the mechanism of the their behavior. In practice, human behavior is said to be modified by modifying their operant conditioning (Skinner, 1971). More general approach is to seeing the human being in their sociobiology including the dynamics of evolution, physiology, brain, ethology, et cetera (Boeree, 1997). 

The most contemporary approach is the effort to the unity of all of the human behavioral sciences, i.e.: economics, anthropology, sociology, behavioral psychology, and political science, in some terms of game-theoretic experiments (Gintis, 2003). This point of view is seen to be the best way of looking at the social phenomena to cope the dilemma explained above. In the other scientific desk, psychologist is trying to solve some problems of internal cases in the individual human being consciousness that directly or indirectly influencing their behavior, a caveat to the behaviorism approach. Here, the psychologists argue on the existence of psyche where the thought, norms, feeling, and many in-matter objects underlain. Psychoanalysis is probably the biggest school of thought in this concern. However, Sigmund Freud (1930), the father of the psychoanalysis, in the latter work walked through the social picture of the theory of the psyche. He argued that civilization is a human achievement that stands in opposition to human nature psychologically. By this school of thought, the scientists see the social phenomena on cultural aspects of human being in the variable of the intrinsic system hidden in human psychological bedrock. Thus, there is discussion about the origin of human cooperation constructs the social institution and cultural system based upon the way one man’s internal situations (Kriegman and Knight, 1988).

The dilemma found in analysis of sociology, actually, came from the emergence conditions discovered (Sawyer, 2002). There is no place of the possibility of the emergence conditions in the classical (and linear) sociology. In other case, we cannot accept the analysis if psychological-based on social phenomena, because the school of thought will be too complicated. It is urgent to have the new sociology to cope the emergence phenomena, to see the social system as a holistic unity and sharpen the scientific explanation on human societies (Situngkir, 2002b). 

The term emergence here refers to the macro-level patterns arising in system of interacting agents (Holland, 1998). The pattern cannot be predicted from the usual linear approach, because the system works adaptively in its nonlinear dynamics. By this perspective, we will see the social system as a complex system consisting of individuals of human being practiced as agents. The agents interact each other and construct the social system in the macro-level become our focal analysis. By this philosophical point of view, we will do surgery on the complexity of the social phenomena polishing the existing conventional social theories. 

This paper proposes the neural network model to understand the complexity of human social. The neural network has been long proved to solve many problems (Jung, Sun, and Mitzuni, 1996) and now we are trying to use this model to emerge the emergence sociology solving the dilemma found by the social theorists. The next section will discuss some theoretical framework of social structures assumed constitute the society based on social system and communication theory and the urgent of the agent based society consistent to the holistic analysis of social theory. The third section will describe how the artificial neural network model becomes the philosophical idea of the agent-based sociology. The fourth will describe the consequences, notes, and some critical points of the emergence sociology in modeling the social structures in selforganizing feature map of artificial neural network. The fifth will describe the possibility of the further works and research, and the last section will conclude some remarks of the emergence sociology.

Theoretical Studies on Social Structures 
We begin with the structuration theory stated by Anthony Giddens in (1984, 1993). The structuration theory constructed on the duality of structure exists in generic society. There is macro and micro structure coupled each other henceforth forming the structuration in social life. The structuration is essentially can be seen as the interplay and articulation of those structures which produce us as role-taking and norm-fulfilling beings, and which we reproduce (on purpose or by mistake), as we construct our social reality (Giddens, 1993). The structuration theory is construed by the social structures (i.e.: human action by enabling and constraining) and the human actions (i.e.: social structure by producing and reproducing). Human actions are the elementary unit of the social structures, as they came from the agency of human. By this perspective, structuration theory stated that social life is more than just a random individual acts but it is not merely determined by the social forces (Figure 1).

Looking at the interplay of the human agency and the social structure, we can say that structuration theory as constructionist theory which holds that human are social constructs and that their social spaces of all sorts are constructs upheld by humans acting according to their images of what reality is. Social spaces such as institutions, organizations or social networks are constituted by the social rules of interactions. According to Giddens, the rules may be explicitly stated, implicitly learned and the rules become the way to create structures and reduce the amount of uncertainty in the reality. The social spaces (environment) is created and re-created by the actions of human agents choose to engage in during their involvement in-groups. The rules and contexts in which interactions take place guide the actions but in return the human agents have the ability to monitor and evaluate their actions. The past rules and expectations are used by the agents in making decisions about which actions to engage in. This is called the reflexivity of human agency. Eventually, we can say that there are some basic important concepts in Giddens’ structuration theory, namely agency of human, social spaces, and the rule for the interaction within the social spaces. These terminologies eventually can be described as the geometry of the social system dynamics (Klüver, Jürgen and Jörn Schmidt 1999).

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