Development in smartphones

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Development in smartphones
In recent years, communication has been more and more convenient. Changes are everywhere in our daily life whether you notice them or not. Years before, we could only use telephones to make phone calls. However, nowadays, our cell phones not only enable us to make phone calls, but also to communicate through the Internet and play games and so on.

The basic of the cell phone that enables it to do such fancy things is the powerful Central Processing Unit (CPU). Made of a huge amount of field-effect transistors, CPU could make complicated calculations possible which contributes directly to the high respond speed of the device. By operating as “0” and “1” for each transistor, they could be combined to form a large scale integrated circuit. The technique most commonly used is called a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, also known as MOSFET. Purified from sand, single crystal silicon is widely used into the fabrication of MOSFET as the substrate. By other techniques such as doping, etching, electrode deposition and so on, a CPU made in the cleanroom could then be used in cell phones and computers. One of the processors produced by AMD contains 39,540,000,000 transistors in an area of 1088 mm2. Every transistor is as thin as 7 nm with the overall calculating speed few GHz. And this is the basis of everything of electronics, screens and signals of detectors, etc. With a faster and smaller CPU, we could make our smartphones smaller and smaller and more and more powerful. For cell phones with such a high calculation speed, it could allow us to run more complicated programs with shorter time. It could also process more signals from different detectors more efficiently to make real-time response such as translating and complex man-machine interactions.

The sensors used in cell phones nowadays are various and powerful to make our life easier. The basic sensor of the phone is the microphone which is used to capture the voice made by us and transmit it to the other person. There are also new detectors used on the phone. For example, the CCD of the camera is getting better and better to capture better images with higher resolution and get good pictures at night. This is achieved by an array of sensors that could detect light with a spatial resolution, so it could obtain the optical signal on every small pixel. The GPS sensor is used for navigation systems and taxi appointment. This technique is achieved by communicating with the satellite and by simple calculations the phone will know your position with accuracy within a few meters. We are never worried about getting lost due to this function. Another important application of the sensor in cell phones is the light sensor. This sensor is made by a photodiode, and it could detect the intensity of the background light to adjust the screen brightness accordingly. With this function, our phone will be brighter during the day and darker during the night automatically. What’s more, the magnetic sensor is also very useful. Imagine you are in somewhere not familiar and can’t get GPS signal. One way to find north is to use an anisotropic magnetic material to detect the magnetic field of the earth. By transferring the signal into something we could measure, we could detect the direction through this method. When talking about smartphones, you can’t avoid the acceleration detector and gravity detector. They are made by piezoelectric materials to test the horizontal direction of your phone. Apart from the application in the games, it also provides the automatic rotation function to adjust the screen to fit the horizontal direction. When you enjoy a video or photos in your phone, it doesn’t matter how you hold it, and it will automatically be turned in the right direction. Another interesting function of the smartphone is it seldom dial out accidentally. Previously, when we use the phone with mechanical buttons, sometimes it will call by mistake when put in a pocket. The smartphone seems not to have this problem. The reason it knows it is a touch by mistake is that the distance sensor. First, it emits a beam of infrared light and collects the reflected signal. If it detects something is very near, it judges that this is because the phone is in a pocket since no one seeing the screen with a distance less than 5cm. Thus the touch will be treated as a mistake and be neglected. This technique could also be used to turn off the screen when people are calling someone to save energy and avoid mistake touching.

In conclusion, the reason the smartphone is “smart” is due to the sensors and the processor which serves as the brain. The powerful processor enables the phone to calculate various of data collected by the sensors to react accordingly and sensors could provide the data to make our cell phone know the environment and find the best solution for us.

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