Existence of truth

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Existence of truth，文章讲述柏拉图相信真实真理的存在，但是他描述了洞穴的寓言，以表明我们从感官中获得的许多“真相”不一定是真实真理。我们认为我们知道的真理可能只是真实真理的阴影。他描述的图像是所有人都是在山洞里的囚犯。他们都面对着洞穴的背面，看着后墙上的图像。在寓言中，柏拉图将未经表述的人比喻成囚禁在山洞中，无法转头的囚犯。他们所能看到的只是洞穴的墙。在他们后面燃烧着火。在大火和囚犯之间有一个栏杆，木偶可以沿着栏杆行走。

Plato believes the existence of truth and thinks that the final value of philosophy is perfectionism. Moreover he realizes that the general run of humankind can think, and speak, etc., without any awareness of his realm of forms. The allegory of the cave is supposed to explain this.

Plato believes in the existence of real truth, but he describes an allegory of the Cave to show that a lot of "truth" we gain from sense are not necessarily the real truth. The truth that we think we know could be only a shadow of the real truth. He describes an image that all people are prisoners who are in a cave. They all face the back side of the cave, watching the images on the back wall. In the allegory, Plato likens people untutored in the Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a cave, unable to turn their heads. All they can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them burns a fire. Between the fire and the prisoners there is a parapet, along which puppeteers can walk. The puppeteers, who are behind the prisoners, hold up puppets that cast shadows on the wall of the cave. The prisoners are unable to see these puppets, the real objects, which pass behind them. What the prisoners see and hear are shadows and echoes cast by objects that they do not see. Such prisoners would mistake appearance for reality. They would think the things they see on the wall (the shadows) were real; they would know nothing of the real causes of the shadows. So when the prisoners talk, what are they talking about? If an object (a book, let us say) is carried past behind them, and it casts a shadow on the wall, and a prisoner says “I see a book,” what is he talking about? He thinks he is talking about a book, but he is really talking about a shadow. But he uses the word “book.” What does that refer to? Plato gives his answer and his point is that the prisoners would be mistaken. For they would be taking the terms in their language to refer to the shadows that pass before their eyes, rather than (as is correct, in Plato’s view) to the real things that cast the shadows. If a prisoner says “That’s a book” he thinks that the word “book” refers to the very thing he is looking at. But he would be wrong. He’s only looking at a shadow. The real referent of the word “book” he cannot see. To see it, he would have to turn his head around. Plato’s point: the general terms of our language are not “names” of the physical objects that we can see. They are actually names of things that we cannot see, things that we can only grasp with the mind. When the prisoners are released, they can turn their heads and see the real objects. Then they realize their error. What can we do that is analogous to turning our heads and seeing the causes of the shadows? We can come to grasp the forms with our minds.

Plato’s aim in the essay is to describe what is necessary for us to achieve this reflective understanding. But even without it, it remains true that our very ability to think and to speak depends on the Forms. For the terms of the language we use get their meaning by “naming” the Forms that the objects we perceive participate in. The prisoners may learn what a book is by their experience with shadows of books. But they would be mistaken if they thought that the word “book” refers to something that any of them has ever seen.

Likewise, we may acquire concepts by our perceptual experience of physical objects. But we would be mistaken if we thought that the concepts that we grasp were on the same level as the things we perceive. So just like what Plato said, the true object of knowledge of the philosophy. The things which we perceive as real are actually just shadows in the cave. Just as the freed prisoner ascends into the light of the sun, we accumulate knowledge and ascend into the realm of the truth and the reality.

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