留学生作业代写：Industrial Policy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Industrial Policy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了产业政策。产业政策是指政府为某些产业的发展，而采取的一系列政策措施。几乎所有的成功的经济体在自身经济发展的过程中，都使用过产业政策。如今，产业政策设计的焦点应该转向如何促进竞争，消弭市场失灵、保持市场的活力。只有这样，才能保证最有效地推动产业的发展。

The past 2016, the innovation from China, has become an important topic, causing the overseas media and institutions of the hot debate, but also more and more by the industry and academia, which is unprecedented in China's innovation history. At the same time, domestic academia set off a wave of discussion on industrial policy. We might as well put the two together to consider what is the relationship between innovation and industrial policy? This is really a meaningful topic, especially for China in the economic transition.

Industrial policy refers to a series of policy measures adopted by the Government for the development of certain industries. Almost all successful economies have used industrial policies in the course of their own economic development. The discussion on industrial policy cannot leave the concrete historical development stage, and analyze the function and influence of industrial policy in history. With the continuous evolution of industrial policy, the international academic circles on the deepening of the understanding of industrial policy, the real need to explore the problem is not that we should not want industrial policy, but what kind of industrial policy, from what main body, with what form of implementation of industrial policy.

China's economic development has now reached an important historical point, from the rapid development of high-speed development of the new normal. China's economic driving mechanism needs all-round depth adjustment, from factor-driven to innovation-driven transformation. It is an important direction of the current national strategy to establish a perfect innovation driving mechanism. At the same time, the external environment of the global economy is in unprecedented change, and the global integration of economy and technology is deepening. In the case of double change, how to transform China's industrial policy, how to promote innovation, how to match with economic development and industrial development, what is the need for the government to do through industrial policy, what to leave the market to do, industrial policy how to cooperate with the market, complementarity, so that the most effective way to promote industrial development, we must seriously face, in-depth thinking.

Traditional industrial policy, the Government in order to promote or inhibit the development of certain industries, the adoption of a series of policy measures, such as tariffs, trade protection, various subsidies, and so on. The government chooses key industries and key enterprises, to carry out targeted support, such industrial policy was later called "Selective Industrial Policy", which is a "draft" type of industrial policy, the government chooses to support the target, with subsidies, tax exemptions, resources, such as a series of measures to promote and promote the development of selected objects.

Traditional industrial policy, after the World War II Japan and South Korea is the most typical. After the Second World War, Japan implemented a set of industrial policies, supported the development of strategic industries, adjusted industrial structure, and promoted industrial upgrading, which played a certain role in promoting the rapid growth of Japan's postwar economy. Similar to Japan, 20th century 60, 70, South Korea proposed "to establish an industrialized South Korea", strengthen the support for key industries, complete the transformation of industrialization, creating a "miracle of the Han River" rapid development. Samsung and Hyundai, the big conglomerates that are around the South Korean economy, grew up during this period.

Since the reform and opening up, the industrial policies of Japan and Korea have had a lot of influence and inspiration on China's application of regulatory means to promote industrial development. The Government adopts a series of measures such as price policy, tax policy, foreign trade policy, foreign exchange policy and fiscal policy to support the selected key industries and key enterprises. Use macro-control means to regulate the market, optimize the allocation of resources, enhance the competitiveness of industry and related enterprises.

No doubt, whether it is Japan, Korea after the rapid development of World War II, or China's reform and opening-up since the more than 30 years of rapid development, industrial policy in their respective economic rapid development of the historical process played an active role. Deep into the specific historical context of the study, we found that the traditional "draft" type of industrial policy, the reason can be effective, at least the following circumstances.

When the development of technology and change is not so fierce, after the development of the country's specific industries, catch up with the developed countries, there is a clearer path to follow, at this time through the formulation of industrial policy, the government using tangible hands to quickly deploy resources to create an environment conducive to industrial development. Relative to relying on pure market forces, the goal of clear, absorbing advanced experience in the developed countries of industrial policy can greatly accelerate the development of industry, and to a large extent, to eliminate the early stage of industrial development to face the uncertain risks. If there is no strong support of industrial policy, after the early development of the country's industry, facing the international development of a mature industry competition, it is difficult to start and gradually grow up. The protection and support from industrial policy becomes particularly important.

In the early stage of market development, the function of allocating resources has not yet been developed, while market-oriented resources are scarce, a large number of resources have not been entered into the market, and within the system, they are not free to flow. Under such circumstances, the development of the industry will be very slow and Shan simply by the invisible hand of the market. This period of industrial policy, equivalent to the government's tangible hand, to support and promote the development of important industries, to the initial establishment of the market mechanism an important "impetus." In the development of industry at the same time, to promote market mechanisms to improve and grow.

In the early stage of market-oriented reform, the enterprises, as the main body, have just been established, the ability is not enough, the talent in enterprises is also very scarce. At this time, the government departments of the concentration of talent to formulate industrial policies, allocation of resources, to guide industry and Enterprise Development is the early reform of the system evolution of a natural choice.

The traditional industrial policy can play a positive role when the latter countries open market reform, develop economy and catch up with the early developed countries. However, this is at the expense of the country's industry foresight. The "draft" type industry policy is based on the experience of the developed countries, I do what others do. There is no forward-looking, and it is difficult to cope with major technological and market changes. Therefore, the traditional industrial policy is suitable for the early development of the catch-up country, and it is suitable for the international operating environment with certain trade technical barriers.

And do not say information asymmetry, the power of rent-seeking these factors make the traditional industrial policy in practical implementation difficult to achieve the desired effect, in the face of the new situation, the constraint conditions changed, technological change accelerated, the market matures, traditional industrial policy will become more and more difficult to work. In the the 1980s, some scholars began to rethink Japan's industrial policy, and the failure of traditional industrial policy has become more and more examples.

China's current economy is entering a new normal, and the economic power engine is fully adjusted in depth, while the global economic and technological environment has changed significantly in recent decades.

First of all, our competitive international environment has changed radically, and the technology and economy have become more and more deeply integrated into the world, making trade protection measures difficult to work.

Since joining the WTO, China has become more and more deeply embedded in the global economic network, participating in the Division and collaboration of the global industrial chain. The rapid development of Internet technology and information technology has deepened the links between the Global innovation Network and the technology system, and the increasingly convenient communication and collaboration model has pushed the global link into a higher stage. While there is some tendency to counter globalization in the current international environment, this does not materially alter the fact that the global linkages between the economy and technology are too broad, and in the long run it is more unlikely to affect the growing trend of linkages. Barriers are gradually being eliminated, and in such an international economic and technological environment, the policy of tariff protection and import substitution will be difficult to be effective. These trade protection measures are an important part of traditional industrial policy, and also the most commonly used policy means. With the development of China's economy, more and more industries and fields will reach the international advanced level and have no model of study.

Since the reform and opening up, most of China's industries have started from scratch, and in most cases they are catch-up-oriented. There are already ways in which developed countries can follow. And the technological evolution is relatively slow. As the previous analysis, in this case, the draft industry policy has a very good applicability. Years of development, in some areas, China has reached the world's leading level, as Ren described Huawei, has entered No-man's land. There are no catch-up objects, no role models to learn. In the future, there will be more and more fields, not only the technical No-man's land, but also the commercial No-man's land, the market's No-man's land. The traditional industrial policy can not meet the demands of the new era to build such a large developing country.

Over the past few decades, China has grown and achieved a large number of visionary, capable and willing to venture innovative entrepreneurs, the ability of market subjects has greatly improved and the market mechanism has matured.

Entrepreneurs in various fields have their own judgments on the prospects of the market, the prospects for technological development and the prospects for innovation, and they are more motivated to do well because they are in the market competition. In addition, the market mechanism gradually mature, the free flow of the market-oriented resources are increasingly rich, the distribution of talent in the community is no longer like the reform at the beginning of the main focus on the government departments, these factors make the market's own allocation of resources capacity greatly improved. Therefore, under such conditions, if the government continues the traditional industrial policy, it will inevitably be hit by the market, which is very damaging to the development of the industry.

The industrial policy practice in developed countries has been evolving, and the industrial policy has been supported by selecting key industries and key enterprises to adopt various protective measures, and gradually turning to how to establish and promote a healthy and prosperous market environment and how to promote innovation and competition in the industry. The focus of industrial policy design should be shifted to how to promote competition, eliminate market failure and maintain the vitality of the market. Well-designed industrial policies can do this.

The relationship between the market and the government is not antagonistic, not the relationship between them, not even the simple substitutes. Sometimes, the market cannot spontaneously produce, through the appropriate system arrangement and the policy formulation, designs a dense, the efficient, does not obstruct, the safe market, can promote the factor the trade and the movement, promotes the market to play the optimized disposition function.

In the early stages of innovation, such situations are more common. The Internet, mobile communications, GPS, which are now widely used in our daily lives, have benefited from U.S. government and military funding. Innovation economist Mariana Mazzucato analyzes the iphone's innovations and finds that many technologies, such as capacitive sensors, multi-touch screens, SM Smart Voice services, have benefited from government funding.

In the Innovation Ecology Network, the government and the enterprise are symbiotic, the role that plays is different, but all is very important. This is how to promote the transfer of technology, the establishment of efficient synergy between research and development of policy why as technology becomes more and more important. It is an important aspect of new industrial policy to pay attention to the construction of innovative ecological Network, study the role of government in innovation and how to play a good role.

Generally speaking, China is also a post-developing country of technological development, facing the transformation of growth power, industrial upgrading, government industry policy should be from the traditional "draft" type of policy transformation, focusing on infrastructure, design and create markets, cultivate market vitality, enabling the market to give full play to the role of optimal allocation of resources. There are a lot of things to do here.

Establish a market economy environment with perfect legal system. It is the most important prerequisite to establish a perfect market economy environment and protect the legal system of innovation. This is the most fundamental part of protecting the healthy functioning of the market. This is also a prerequisite for the design and implementation of new industrial policies.

Talent training. The new industrial policy pays more attention to the construction of infrastructure, and in the long run, talent training is the most important aspect of market empowerment and encouraging innovation. In the past more than 30 years, China's manufacturing industry has been developed by rural migrant workers. Nine-year compulsory education can basically meet the needs of the workers ' education level in the extensive development stage of low-end manufacturing. But the upgrading of manufacturing, the development of intelligent manufacturing, the new digital manufacturing needs a large number of matched industrial workers, such education level is far from enough to support. Talent Gap highlights, perfect and universal high school or higher vocational education is imminent. Germany has a good tradition of vocational education, schools and enterprises together to train the vocational education system for Germany's strong industry to provide a large number of qualified personnel, but also a solid foundation for the German Industry 4.0 strategy. This is worthy of our deep discussion and reference. A large number of high quality industrial workers are the necessary conditions for industry upgrading, the establishment of a good education system, continuous talent training is not an overnight, it takes time, therefore, education reform becomes more urgent. The Education Talent training program is crucial for manufacturing 2025 in China.

Increase the supply of unrestricted technology. Government investment in the development of specific technologies, to ensure that the development of technological achievements for the entire market for all enterprises. The research shows that the Government plays an important role in the early stage of technological innovation, which is basic, high-risk and high investment. The government should increase the supply of technology in a manner consistent with the market law, and the innovation results should be transferred through the market so as to ensure the most efficient allocation under the restrictive conditions. In order to maximize the overall social benefits. It is not possible to set artificial barriers in the process of the transfer of innovative results, which is disguised protection and can damage the market.

Integrated management. The new industrial policy needs to be integrated management, not by the specialized department, or different, the policy cannot form the resultant force, even has contradictory situation. This is a very important distinction from China's industrialization over the decades. Our past experience has to be transformed in the face of new situations. The new industrial policy is no longer focused on the specific industries and enterprises as in the past, but the market infrastructure and talent education of industrial development should be considered comprehensively. Without the transformation of this industrial policy, China will not be able to complete its industrial upgrading.

Develop market capability. The government should focus on the development of the market ability and focus on the construction of the ecological system. The government should not be like a "nanny", but rather a "gardener", providing suitable soil for growth, maintaining appropriate sunshine and dew, and promoting the evolution of the commercial ecosystem itself. The accumulation of resources in the market, the accumulation of talent and ability factors in the enterprise ups and downs is the normal ecological phenomenon. Businesses fail, resources and capabilities are precipitated to the bottom of the ecosystem, and they are integrated by new entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs. From the point of view of the whole market and the whole system, it is not a waste, but an ecological self accumulation and evolution. Therefore, the Government should adapt to the market-moderately chaotic and uncertain dances and learn to manage them.

In short, in the current history of China's economic development, we are facing the problem is not to do not want industrial policy, but how to change from the "draft" type of traditional industrial policy to the enabling market, promote innovation and competition of the new industrial policy. Only in this way can the discussion of the theory go deep behind the phenomenon, and the real benign interaction of economic development can be meaningful to the upgrading of Chinese industry.

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