Performance evaluation of the quality evaluation--留学生作业Essay代写范文

美国留学生作业Essay代写范文:“Performance evaluation of the quality evaluation”，这篇论文主要描述的是对项目进行绩效评估是为了认清楚项目在现阶段下的发展状况以及对企业业务进行针对性的改善，在这个过程中我们会通过数量、质量等方面来作为判断的维度，在质量方面我们能够细分为设计质量、预期质量、服务质量、可能出现的情况等等，通过绩效的评估也能够帮助我们衡量一个项目的成功与否。

The assessment of the performance of a project is the way enterprises use in order to acknowledge the development status and improve the business operation. In this course, kinds of performance dimensions are set to judge the success of a project, such as the quantity, quality, service and even the reputation. Each of these has various approaches which include formal approaches and informal approaches. In this essay, we will lay emphasis on the quality assessment as well as its formal approaches in project management. As the performance dimensions are detected not only after the project but also before the project, quality assessment should also be considered both in the design and checkout. Quality has different aspects, thus the assessment process can be divided into several types with their own advantage. In this essay, we will analysis the quality mainly from four parts: design quality, acceptable quality, various possibilities and service quality.

The outline of performance dimension

Lominger ten performance dimensions divides performance dimension into ten aspects which include quantity of output of work, timeliness of delivery of output, quality of work output, use of resources, customer impact/value added, freedom from unplanned support, team/unit contribution, productive work habits, adding skills and capabilities, alignment and compliance: walking the talk. The purpose of enterprises is to maximize the profit, so is the project. And the sales influence the performance directly. Within project management, performance dimensions can be used both in the determination before implement and assessment after implement. Proper performance dimensions can advocate the enthusiasm of staff and promote the achievement of goals. If it was set too high, employees would lose confidence to achieve the goal. On the opposite, if it was set too low, they would lose the passion to raise efficiency. After the implement, performance dimensions list the work accomplished with feedback from customers, market, quality inspection, costs, and even the staff satisfaction. And this provides the current situation to help managers to take measures to make up the balance.

Quality

The word “quality” is familiar topeople while there is not a specific or unique definition for it. Crosby defines that quality is ‘up to standard’(Philip B. Crosby 1960s).

Generally speaking, quality covers three aspects which are product quality, work quality and process quality. Quality behaves as life span and reliability in manufacturing industry while as promise and system in service system. The quality that is up to standard usually aims at specific function to satisfy the demand of customers.

Product quality is a character that products have the ability to satisfy the regulated and potential need. This definition can be divided into two level. First, the entity must satisfy the need both regulated or potential. Then, this kind of need must be expressed by index.

Work quality is the degree of assurance of work connected to quality to product, service and process, which is determined by the ability and thought of staff and the  level of management.

Process quality is the level of kinds of means to turn the input to output. It is affected by man, material, machine, method, measurement and environment.

Quality assessment

To assess the quality, it is necessary to take considerations from customers not the product self. And the assessment is a relative process for it varies among people. In general, we assess quality from these aspects: design quality determined by market researches, design concept and design standard, acceptable quality, various possibilities which take time into account to achieve sustainability and service which represents the assurance and repairmen after sale(J.M.Juran et al 1988).

According to the quality control among the whole productive process mentioned above. Design quality and acceptable quality codetermine the quality is high or low. Availability and service on the spot promote the quality with great importance.

Formal approaches to quality assessments

To assess the quality, it is necessary to acknowledge the entire information of its quality during the whole process involving the entire administrative structure, all the staff and the whole business. Then the information would be compared to the standard to judge the success of a project.

Design quality

To assess the quality, it is important to know if the standard is proper, then the design quality is required to be assess. On condition that the product is up to customers’ expectation can it be produced meaningful.

Market researches

Before the bring of one product on stream, feedback from customers is necessary. To research the market, observing, enquiring and testing can be taken. Observing is the most simple means to know the market trend but not comprehensive. For example, people sometimes do not want to go outside to have meals so the plan to open take-out business is submitted. But the specific demand is not sure, thus the details must be cleared such as the unknown contact information and the necessary introduction of the restaurant and its meals. Then are the enquiring and testing. Compared with enquiring, test can be more convenience but less reliably.

If the quality is not ideal, the cost can be high. So quality prevention is widely accepted. So this step is vital. But the definition of quality cost is not specific. One view considers that it is the whole cost when the products are not up to standard perfectly while the another consider that it is the differential of the real cost of production at present and the projected cost under high quality level. The former is more widespread. Quality cost generally consists of waste cost, rework cost and guarantee fees.

Industry design quality

For these industries, the main project is to produce products single or in a batch. First, the raw materials must be in good condition and environmental. With the popularization of the sustainable development, people do not stick to only satisfy their demand but also consider the influence on their health. In the process of determining the material, cost is an important factor. If the cost is unusual high, then quality cannot be regard as high.

One main difference of the industry firms from others like service firms is that the rationality of the design flow. For food industry, the steps to make a dish may be fixed sometimes. Though it would not influence the quality significantly, the satisfaction to the extra demand for customers may gain the reputation of excellent quality. For its design quality assessment, experiments and tests are usual approaches. When assessing its quality, it is necessary to enumerate all feasible plans and allow adequate volunteers to give a mark to each one. For machine manufacturing industry, the flow path plays a great role in the quality. The products may be abandoned except the slight blemish. For its design quality assessment, a rigid manufacturing standard must be set to maximize the design quality.

Quality does not only mean the benefit people could get from one product but also the cost that they take to obtain the benefit. In economic studies, willingness to pay and consumer surplus are involved in the determination to buy a product. In view of the expression of customers, in the design process, the cost must be taken into consideration as much as possible.

Acceptable quality

Assessing whether the quality is up to standard is the main step in quality assessment. It has a great relationship with design quality. If the design quality is inferior while the acceptable is up to standard, the manager would regard it as of good quality by mistake.

Usually enterprises draw samples on behalf of the general at random to reach the conclusion. To analysis the data we get from the sample, it is common to use series of methods such as chart and diagram, regression model and so on.

In the examination of the acceptable quality, both the quality inspection bureau and the enterprise self would adopt sampling inspection. In the sample survey, the selection of the sample including the units and the volume. For the system error is inevitable, what could be done is to cut down the random error as much as possible. The sample must be representative to describe the population. In general,  the sampling method is divided into four categories: simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling. Simple random sampling contains two parts: sampling with replacement in which the first extracting unit would be put back and sampling without replacement. It is one of the most used means of sampling and the most basic one. Sometimes the data varies a lot between different kinds. To reduce the difference, stratified sampling is used to distribute the sample according to its importance and share. It can estimate both the population and the subpopulation of each layer. Systematic sampling extracts the units of equal interval. It can make the process easier when the sample size is too big. And the sample error can be smaller than simple random sampling for the distribution is more symmetrical. Cluster sampling includes two steps: dividing population into several groups and extracting groups as the individual unit. It can simplify the procedure for the units are more centralized.

After the sampling, analysis should be carried out to assess the quality. Parameter estimation and hypothesis testing are the most common means to analysis the data. T-test and t-statistic are used to complete the test. For example, the qualification rate of the light bulbs is tested in a manufacturing company. The allowable defective rate is 5 percent. Next is the working out of the t-statistic using the formula  , ‘x’ is the mean value of the sample, ‘u’ is the standard value, ‘s’ is the variance of the sample and ‘n’ is the sample size. If t-statistic is less than the standard t-statistic, its quality is not qualified.

Various possibilities

As an excellent project, it must maintain its function within its period of validity or even longer. Availability, reliability and maintainability are the main factors customers use to evaluate a product. Availability represents the continuity of the products. It is the quotients of the working time and the sum of the working time and idle time. Reliability is the time span of normal operation before the first breakdown. Maintainability is the ability to return to normal condition after breakdown. Availability is the integrated embodiment of the reliability and maintainability. If the products have both high reliability and high maintainability, the availability would be high as well.

The quality can assessed both by testing the sample of products half used and enquiring the opinions of the customers. Many enterprises have taken the plan of  users’ experience. The customers who take part in this plan would give their feedback during the whole procedure until the products are scrapped.

Service 

As the grow of the modern civilization, people attach more importance to the service quality, there are even some people who regard the reputation as the vital factor though its products are not good as others. Service quality is a abstract conception which cannot be detected as the product quality, but there are also some standard that can judge it.

The service quality can be divided into three parts: pre-sale service, on-purchase service and after-sales service. Before sale, the guidance must be effective to lead the customers to get what they want. Not only the service of the staff, but also the equipments should be place reasonably to reduce waste. During the sale, the details of the products to sale should be introduced to customers as much as possible in case the dispute resulting from the ambiguity. Some firms have satisfaction survey to assess the quality of pre-sale service and on-purchase service, especially the business firms such as banks and post office. This action can enhance the supervision of employees and increase efficiency. If their wages are related to the result of satisfaction survey, this action would be more effective. And for the after-sale service which could be ignored by many enterprises, it is the most weak link to influence its reputation. For most people, they pay more attention to the sustainable products. A excellent firm usually does well in the after-sale service.

To guarantee the service quality, an effective performance management system to regulate the behavior of employees. The good habit of the pursuit to excellent quality should be cultivated in every phase, such as the selecting, training, variable pay. A comfortable working environment is a good way to advocate workers to devote themselves to the project. For example, some firms offer the family-friendly benefits to satisfy the demand to balance the work-family life. In addition, controlling the cost of medical care can influence the enthusiasm.

Conclusion

There many factors that can influence the development of enterprises. Quality is one of the performance dimensions by which the success of a project is judged. Other factors like quantity and productive work habit are also relevant to the quality. Different kinds of projects have different aspects to pay attention to. In spite of this, the common steps are basically the same to consider no matter it is industry sector or service sector..

According to the process to the accomplishment of a project. The design, detection, variation and service are analysized. Design is the basis to determine the right directions to produce products. The rational allocation and flow path can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost. In addition, the excellent can reduce the quality which happens when the products are not up to standard perfectly. The quality assessment is usually taken place in the test of acceptable quality in practice and this is the most to be valued. Sampling and detection reveals the real quality of products and announce to the public of their operation efficiency. The variation is the control of the possible breakdown during the specified life. It is one of the influence factor on a company’s reputation. Another factor is service, which can determine the second visit of the same customer.

To assess the quality of a project, not only the quality on the product self should be thought, but also the feedback on the service and guarantee. It is necessary to be aware of that the intension is not to complete the project but to satisfy customers’ needs.

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