Romantic Relational Aggression in Parents and teenager--论文代写范文

家庭系统理论是建立在社会关系的相互影响上。虽然有很多因素对人类发展产生影响,家庭系统理论声称,个人的行为,人际关系会影响其他个体。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

ABSTRACT 
  The purpose of this study was to examine marital romantic relational aggression in parents and its impact on adolescent relational aggression, adolescent romantic relational aggression, internalizing, and school engagement with self-regulation as a potential mediator. Gender differences were also examined. Adolescents were from 328 two-parent families in a large north-western city in the United States and were between 12 and 17 years of age (M=14.24, SD=1.00, 51% female) at time 4. All independent variables except adolescent self-regulation were measured at wave 4, and all adolescent variables were measured at wave 5. Results indicate that higher levels of romantic relational aggression from mother to father was directly related to higher relational aggression in girls and lower romantic relational aggression in boys one year later. Father romantic relational aggression was directly and negatively related to romantic relational aggression in girls one year later. Mother romantic relational aggression was indirectly related to all outcomes in females only, in the predicted directions, through adolescent self-regulation. Father romantic relational aggression was indirectly related, in the predicted directions, to relational aggression, internalizing, and school engagement in boys only. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

  Family Systems Theory is founded on the idea that people influence each other in social relationships. While there are many factors and systems that impact human development, much of that influence seems to stem from the emotional climate, patterns, processes, boundaries, roles, and experiences of one’s family of origin (Larson, Peterson, Heath, & Birch, 2000). Family Systems Theory claims that the functioning and behaviors of individuals, relationships, and subsystems within a system impact other individuals, relationships, and subsystems within that system. Where the family is concerned, researchers have found that a parent’s individual health and marital or other relationship quality will impact a child’s health and visa-versa (e.g. Burstein, Ginsburg, Petras, & Ialongo, 2010; Lee & Cranford, 2008; Stutzman, et. al., 2011; Wang & Crane, 2001). Other aspects of family life also impact child functioning. 

  The rules, roles, and boundaries in families play out in regularly occurring patterns and processes in family interactions (Greenman & Johnson, 2013). For example, adolescents who self-identify with social groups who engage in and support relationally aggressive behavior are more likely to display this behavior (Bokhrel, Sussman, Black, & Sun, 2010; Werner & Hill, 2010). Similarly, mothers’ acceptance of relational aggression is related to the way they respond to their children, and to the way their children view relationally aggressive behavior (Werner & Grant, 2009). These individual norms and beliefs regarding relational aggressions have been found to predict engagement in relational aggression (Werner & Hill, 2010; Werner & Nixon, 2005). In contrast, adolescents who have cohesive families and responsive parents are less likely to engage in relationally aggressive behavior (Pernice-Duca, Taiariol, & Yoon, 2010). Therefore, when parents are relationally aggressive, it is likely to set up rules, roles, and processes that allow for that aggression to take place within the family, and children are more likely to learn and follow those behaviors.

  Romantic relationally aggressive behaviors in couple relationships such as spreading rumors about and excluding the other partner may also disrupt protective boundaries around the couple subsystem or alter hierarchies in families. This is especially true if the children are involved in those behaviors through triangulation or being expected to be an emotional caretaker to their parent (Framo, 1996). Being triangulated into parent conflict has been related to child internalizing (Buehler & Welsh, 2009), depression (Wang & Crane, 2001), self-blame, and diminished parent-adolescent relations (Fosco & Grych, 2010). Emotional caretaking has been related to many outcomes including internalizing, externalizing, poorer competency in close friendships (Peris, Goeke-Morey, Cummings, & Emery, 2008), low independence (Mayseless & Scharf, 2009), and hiding worry from parents (Van Parys & Rober, 2013). 

  Romantic relational aggression in the couple may also affect adolescent children because problems in the parental subsystem may pose a threat to the child’s secure base (Posada & Pratt, 2008) which may lead to aggressive or insecure (e.g. depressed and anxious) behaviors (Bowlby, 1988). In fact, parental conflict has been related to adolescent relational aggression (Yan, Putallaz, & Yanjie, 2011) and internalizing (Davies & Lindsay, 2004; Stutzman, et. al., 2011). Based on Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), adolescent children of relationally aggressive parents may learn to be more relationally aggressive towards peers and romantic partners by watching these behaviors in their parents. They may also see the damage that such behavior can cause to others and may internalize and or disengage at school and/or at home. 

  Adolescent relational aggression has also been connected to internalizing (Reed, Goldstein, Morris, & Keyes, 2008), anxiety (Ellis, Crooks, & Wolfe, 2009), and depression (Bagner, Storch, & Preston, 2007; Spieker, et. al., 2012). Adolescents who are aggressive or internalize may also have lower socially desirable behaviors such as engagement in school (Bayer, et. al., 2011; Perdue, Manzeske, & Estell, 2009; Merrell, Buchanan, & Tran, 2006). Less safety and security provided by the parent’s marriage may also lead to less soothing and regulating behaviors in the adolescent (Davies & Cummings, 1994). In fact, adolescent selfregulation has been used as a mediator in several studies (e.g. see Ning & Downing, 2012; Padilla-Walker, Harper, & Jensen, 2010). For this purpose, we intend to examine adolescent self-regulation as a potential mediator between parental romantic relational aggression and adolescent outcomes. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between marital romantic relational aggression and child adolescent relational aggression, internalizing behaviors, and school engagement one year later, while looking at the mediating effects of child self-regulation.

 Romantic Relational Aggression in Adult Romantic Relationships 
  For the purposes of this paper, relational aggression will refer to behaviors aimed at harming a person socially or relationally through social sabotage (e.g. telling lies about the other person) and love withdrawal (e.g. giving someone the silent treatment). To date, no studies have been published that have looked at romantic relational aggression in marital relationships and how it is related to adolescent outcomes. Relational aggression has been vastly studied in adolescent relationships; however, only a handful of studies have been published on romantic relationships and only one study, to date, has examined relational aggression in two-parent. In 2010, Carroll and colleagues published the first study on relational aggression in married couples with children. 

  With a sample of 336 married couples (672 spouses) from Seattle Washington who were a part of the Flourishing Families Project, the researchers measured relational aggression by asking partner’s to report on their spouses’ use of social sabotage and love withdrawal and t how these factors were related to marital stability and marital quality. Descriptive statistics showed that the vast majority of spouses (96% of wives and 88% of husbands) engaged in love withdrawal and a lesser majority of spouses (64% of wives and 52% of husbands) engaged in social sabotage. They also found that relational aggression was related to lower levels of marital quality and greater levels of marital instability for both husbands and wives (Carroll, et. al., 2010). Given these findings and other research that has found relational aggression to happen more frequently among romantic partners than among friends (Goldstein, 2011), it is surprising that so little research has been done on relational aggression in marriage and other romantic adult relationships.（essay代写)

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