Relationship Between Indirect Aggression And Social Anxiety--论文代写范文

未来研究需要更多的代表性样本,以进一步了解焦虑之间的关系。最近的研究也表明,社会焦虑与人格特质相关,高社交焦虑更可能变得激进。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

Abstract 
  Indirect aggression, a nonphysical fonn of aggression, has received increased attention in research because ofthe manipulative nature ofthe act. While it usually occurs during the preadolescent and adolescent years, research has started to examine its effects in young adult and adult populations. This study examined the link: between indirect aggression and social anxiety and social avoidance in a sample of college students. Four distinct groups of aggressors were identified (perpetrator, victim, both, neither), with the majority of students indicating they have had no experience with indirect aggression. Results indicated that those who experienced indirect aggression in some fonn had higher levels of social anxiety and social avoidance than those who had little to no experience. There was also some evidence that those who identified themselves as victims ofindirect aggression had the most social anxiety and avoidance. Very few students identified themselves as perpetrators ofindirect aggression; and contrary to expectations, male students did not identify themselves more often than female students as perpetrators. More female than male students indicated they were victims ofindirect aggression. Limitations and implications ofthe present study are discussed. Future research with more representative samples is needed in order to further understand the relationship between anxiety and indirect aggression in a young adult population.

 Relationship between Indirect Aggression and Social Anxiety in a College 
  Sample Research on aggression is abundant. Physical and verbal aggression by males has been investigated the most during the past 50 years, but studies on non-physical forms of aggression by both males and females has been growing (Underwood, Galen, & Paquette, 2001). Recent research has also shown that social anxiety is a particularly relevant personality trait likely to influence anger-related behaviors (Weber, Wiedig, Freyer, & Gralher, 2004) and that individuals high in social anxiety may be more likely to use aggressive means to retaliate (Loudin, Loukas, & Robinson, 2003). This is because individuals who hold negative views ofthemselves are more likely to perceive themselves as inadequate in social situations. 

  These views increase their attention to rejection which contributes to a generalized defensive approach that increases hostile and aggressive behaviors (Moretti, Holland & McKay, 2001). Additionally, Storch, Brassard, and Masia-Warner (2003a) proposed that social anxiety may be a conditioned response from repeated exposure to peer aggression which leads to the internalization of negative experiences and avoidance of social situations. Previous researchers have suggested, therefore, that social anxiety can both contribute to aggressive behavior and be a consequence of aggressive actions. Because previous researchers have suggested links between aggressive behavior and social anxiety, the present study investigated the relationship between indirect aggressive behaviors and social anxiety in university students.

 Nonphysical forms of aggression
  Physical forms of aggression encompass an act toward another individual in a physical, observable way (Gomes, 2007). Examples of physical aggression include hitting, pushing, kicking, and threatening (Marsee et aI., 2008). Nonphysical forms of aggression, however, can be just as harmful to victims as physical aggression (Loudin et aI., 2003). Unfortunately, the research literature has given nonphysical forms of aggression several different names that describe similar constructs, with some distinct differences. Indirect aggression, relational aggression and social aggression all involve social relationships between individuals, whether casual or close in nature, and can be distinguished from direct, physical aggression because they have different goals and are achieved in a different way (Archer & Coyne, 2005). In all three, the aggressor has a need for a sense of control and a willingness to inflict pain on an individual in order to manipulate the individual's relationships in a negative way (Gomes, 2007). Although the different names for nonphysical aggression tend to correlate significantly with each other (Bjorkqvist, 2001), there is a debate on the terms' similarities and which one captures the harmful behaviors being inflicted on the target best (Bjorkqvist, 2001; Loudin et aI., 2003).

 Indirect aggression 
  Indirect aggression includes social manipulation or using other people to attack a target. It involves manipulation ofthe social network in order to exclude the target person from friendship groups. It is delivered covertly or in a round-about way, not directly, and the aggressor tries to remain unidentified (Bjorkqvist, 2001; Coyne et aI., 2006; Green et aI., 1996; Loudin et aI., 2003; Kaukiainen et aI., 1999); hence, the tenn covert aggression is synonymous with indirect aggression (Gomes, 2007). Archer and Coyne (2005) described indirect aggression as a low-cost way ofinflicting harm. 

  Examples ofindirect or covert aggression include persuading others to dislike a peer, befriending another peer as a form ofrevenge, sharing a person's secrets, gossiping about people behind their back, spreading rumors to discredit an individual, telling others to avoid a peer, destroying the target's property (Marini et aI., 2006; Miller & Vaillancourt, 2007; Walker, Richardson, & Green, 2000), writing nasty notes, robbing the target (Coyne et al., 2006), and spreading misinformation (Basow et aI., 2007). Behaviors such as rumor spreading or gossiping can maximize concealment of identity and minimize the chance for retribution (Loudin et aI., 2003). Indirect aggression is preferred over direct aggression because the aggressors have a desire to be in the best social group and stay there by obtaining social power. They have a desire to control others. There are small costs for this behavior since it is harder to detect or observe than overt behaviors. Indirect or covert aggression usually does not appear until later in childhood when verbal and social skills develop well enough to manipulate peers (Coyne & Whitehead, 2008; Gomes, 2007).

 Relational aggression
  Relational aggression, also termed as relational victimization and relational bUllying (Dempsey & Storch, 2008; Gomes, 2007; La Greca & Harrison, 2005; Storch et aI., 2003a), is similar to indirect aggression as it is an attempt to harm others through purposeful manipulation. This maltreatment focuses on damaging the interpersonal relationships of an individual, their social standing in a group (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Gomes, 2007; Loudin et aI., 2003; Marsee et aI., 2008), and feelings of acceptance, friendship, and group inclusion (Archer & Coyne, 2005; Coyne et aI., 2006). It can be used to gain control over an individual who is perceived to be a threat to the aggressor or to gain and maintain approval of a peer group by excluding those perceived as less popular (Gomes, 2007). （essay代写)

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