Age and Gender Differences--论文代写范文

早熟的男孩也表现明显的负面影响，大多数研究对男孩在青春期进行了分析，目前的研究,旨在研究假设，关于青春期的过渡对抑郁症状的影响,男孩和女孩在不同的年龄。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

Introduction
  Although the competing hypotheses have received varying degrees of research attention, complications arise when they are examined for boys and girls at different ages. There is strong evidence that early physical maturation is significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms among girls. Early-maturing girls consistently have been found to be more likely than their on-time and late-maturing peers to show depressed mood (Ge et al., 1996; Hayward et al., 1997; Petersen et al., 1991; Siegel et al., 1999) or diagnosable symptoms of major depression (Ge et al., in press; Graber et al., 1997). The findings for boys, however, are not as clear. The results of the archival studies conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (Jones, 1965; Jones & Bayley, 1950) suggested that early-maturing boys enjoyed certain social advantages over their on-time and late-maturing counterparts. 

  Subsequent research has yielded inconsistent results. In some studies (e.g., Crockett & Petersen, 1987; Nottelmann et al., 1987; Siegel et al., 1999), only late-maturing boys reported elevated levels of sadness. In other studies, both early- and late-maturing boys displayed higher levels of depressive tendencies compared with those who matured on time (e.g., Alsaker, 1992; Graber et al., 1997). Still others have found that early-maturing boys manifested significantly higher levels of negative affect compared with their late-maturing peers (e.g., Ge et al., 2001b, in press; Petersen & Crockett, 1985; Susman, Dorn, & Chrousos, 1991; Susman et al., 1985).1 Moreover, with several exceptions (e.g., Ge et al., 2001b; Petersen & Crockett, 1985), most studies on boys at puberty were crosssectional in nature. 

 Study Hypotheses 
  The present study, then, was designed to examine three rival hypotheses about the pubertal transition’s effects on symptoms of depression for girls and boys at different ages. If the early-timing hypothesis is correct, only early-maturing adolescents should show heightened symptoms of depression across time. Alternatively, the off-time hypothesis is supported if both early- and late-maturing adolescents manifest higher levels of depressive symptoms than do their on-time-maturing peers. Finally, if the stressful change hypothesis is correct, adolescents in the midst of change will experience heightened levels of depression. 

  This perspective also im- plies that the heightened symptoms will subside after the individual has passed the transitional period. We expected the pubertal transition to interact with time of assessment and adolescent gender in its effects on depressive symptoms. First, we hypothesized that depressive symptoms would increase significantly from fifth to seventh grade, when the children averaged 11 and 13 years of age, respectively, as they moved further into the complex and stressful world of adolescence (Ge, Lorenz, Conger, Elder, & Simons, 1994). Second, we expected to find a gender main effect in which heightened symptoms of depression would be more evident for girls than for boys. 

  This hypothesis follows from Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus’s (1994) thesis that gender differences in depression emerge during the pubertal transition. This hypothesis is also consistent with empirical work by Ge et al. (1994, 2001a), Hankin et al. (1998), and Wichstrom (1999), who observed that girls tended to be more adversely affected by the transitional changes than were boys. Third, we expected the early-timing hypothesis to be more applicable to girls than to boys, because support for this framework is most consistent for adolescent girls. As previously noted, however, the extant literature is generally inconsistent regarding adolescent boys, providing little systematic guidance as to which hypothesis would best fit them. We thus evaluated the plausibility of both the off-time and stressful change hypotheses for boys. Finally, in an effort to test for a causal connection between pubertal transition and adolescent depressive symptoms, we regressed the seventh-grade depressive symptoms on the pubertal transition variables while statistically controlling symptoms of depression measured in fifth grade. This analysis provided an examination of the effect of puberty on changes in depressive symptoms. （essay代写)

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