Task relevant/irrelevant emotional processing--论文代写范文精选

51Due论文代写网精选essay代写范文：“Task relevant/irrelevant emotional processing”  这篇心理essay代写范文研究旨在利用ERP与任务不相关的情绪，来探索与年龄相关的不同情感。基于ERP的研究方法，对时间敏感的现象,可能与年龄相关的眼球运动放缓有关。在这篇essay代写范文中，来自注意力机制关联检测，可悲的刺激引起更大的反应,这意味着悲伤的信息可能被视为比快乐和中性的信息。这一发现与之前的研究一致,类似于悲伤的脸现在老年人的研究。

  Abstract
  The present study aimed to use ERP measures associated with task-irrelevant emotional stimuli to explore age-related differences in the time course of emotional processing and regulation. In the relatively early time window, the amplitude was not modulated by valence in younger adults, but sad stimuli elicited a larger P3a than the happy and neutral ones in older adults. In the late time window, the sad stimuli elicited a larger PSW than the happy ones in younger adults; contrarily, older adults showed no amplitude differences among the three valences. The betweengroup time-course effect of emotional stimulus processing was more supportive of the socioemotional selectivity theory.

  The time course of agerelated emotional processing 
  Our ERP-based approach addresses past concerns about the temporal resolution of this time-sensitive phenomenon and can control for possible age-related eye movement slowing confounds present in eye-tracking studies. The P3a originating from stimulus-driven attention mechanisms associates with detections of rare or physically-alerting stimuli[21] . The sad stimuli elicited a larger P3a than the other two in older adults, which implies that sad information may be perceived as more novel than both happy and neutral information, and it was salient for older adults in the short term. 

  This finding is consistent with previous studies reporting that when people are distracted, relatively automatic processes may focus on goal-inconsistent information[6,9] similar to the sad faces for older adults in the present study. Younger adults, with better cognitive function than older adults, appear to focus more on the ongoing target detection task and be less distracted by differently-valenced emotional stimuli. Hence, no valence effect is observed in the early time window. In the late time window, after the "press or not" decision has been made and participants passively view the emotional picture, valence effects in younger adults manifested; sad stimuli elicited a larger PSW than the happy stimuli, and no controlled processing was intentionally activated to suppress emotional preference tendencies once the valence information had been detected. 

  This finding does not surprise us given that negativity preferences in younger adults have been observed in many domains of research[10] . In contrast, with enough time to access the necessary cognitive resources, older adults were able to conduct emotional regulation to override the negativity tendency, which resulted in no valence difference in brain activation. The current results were most consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory suggesting that positivity preferences are "top-down," selectivelyprocessed phenomena and the cognitive control hypothesis stating that older adults need enough time to prepare adequate cognitive resources to display positive preferences. 

  In the present study, for task-irrelevant emotional processing, automatic negativity preferences set in immediately, and are later followed by a controlled emotional-regulation that is inexorably activated in older adults' emotional processing. In contrast to cognitive control models, simplified processing models consider the positivity preference in older adults to be a tool compensating for worsened cognitive function; to avoid affective complexity, a focus on positive information emerges. However, in the current study we found different valence patterns along the time course, and the larger P3a elicited by the sad stimuli in the early time window illustrated that negatively-biased processing was not absent in older adults, which is inconsistent with the premise of simplified processing models.

  Task relevant/irrelevant emotional processing 
  Older adults' positivity effects in emotional information processing have most consistently been found in the memory domain whereas reports from the attention literature have been strikingly heterogeneous. A recently-conducted meta-analysis[22] investigated the magnitude of older and younger adults' preferences for emotional stimuli in studies of memory and attention and suggested that older adults showed a smaller negativity preference than the young in memory recognition measurement, but that age-related emotional effects were not significant in the attention domain. As noted by some researchers[4, 23] , the positivity effect is strongest on tasks that require controlled processing. 

  The fact that the attention domain relies more on automatic emotional processes, especially in the early processing stages, may explain the differences between the memory and attention literature. The heterogeneity of findings in the attention literature may also result from broad differences in attention measures (RT, ERP, fMRI, eye-tracking), task (categorization, passive viewing, dot-probe, visual search, rapid serial visual presentation), stimuli (words, synthetic faces, faces, actual objects), valence (happy, sad, angry, fear, neutral), and the like. We believe that, being that the cognitive control account asserts that cognitive resources involved in emotional processing influence age-related valence preferences, whether the attention probe was task-relevant or task-irrelevant may explain some of the mixed results.

  Conclusions 
  In general, we found time course differences in how older and younger adults reacted to emotional stimuli in a task-irrelevant emotional processing condition, and age-related positivity effects manifested uniquely in the later time window as the contrast between no valence preferences in older adults and negativity preference in younger adults. In the absence of emotionally-relevant task information, novel goal-inconsistent negative information attracted older adults' attention at the early stage, but emotionalregulation gradually eliminated the negative bias over time. These findings provide neural evidence reflected in ERPs supporting socioemotional selectivity theory and Mather and Knight's cognitive control model, rather than the simplified processing model.（essay代写)

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