The conflict between American and domestic oil exploitation

美国国内石油开采的冲突。“从石油公司的角度来看，它是相当清楚的，军事行动只能勉强保证他们在一个混乱的国家利益和不稳定和快速变化的环境中开展日常业务的费用和风险是不盈利的根本。此外，中东局势是不可预测的。一旦建立新的制度与美国政府不结盟，公司的损失将是致命的和不可抗拒的。”

A Conflict over Domestic Oil Extraction in America
Oil issues have long been and in the foreseeable long period of time will still be the core concern of the United States. As the largest export and consuming country of oil, the United States has suffered a lot because of oil, such as several economic recessions treading on the heels of the oil crisis. In fact, oil plays a significant role in the politics and economy of the United States. As long as dramatic changes do not take place in its energy resource structure, how to grasp and control oil in a worldwide scale will still be the focus of American government. With the development of international relations and globalization, oil issues involve more factors and actors. With the implementation of the diversity oil strategy, one problem is to extract domestic oil in a great amount. The efforts to increase the domestic oil supply can date back to Bush government. The US Energy Act of 2005 authorized the government to ‘increase strategic oil reservation from 700 million barrels to 1 billion barrels’ . Since then the conflict between enormous oil companies, some senators and environmentalists, local people in the oil-producing areas began. The conflict culminated in the severe oil leak in the Mexico Gulf in 2010 when Barack Obama was in his first term and until now the governmental policies blows hot and cold.

The groups that are advocating expansion of domestic oil extraction include the dominant oil firms such as ExxonMobil and local politicians and their main counterparts are environmentalists and local residents. A statistics has turned out that the oil production in Iraq was 1.9 million barrels per day in May in 2005 and its decrease reached 0.7 million barrels per day compared with its counterpart in January in 2003 . From the oil companies’ perspective, it is quite clear that military actions can narrowly guarantee their interests in a country in chaos and the expenditure and risks of carrying out daily business in an unstable and fast changing environment are not profitable at all. Besides, the situation in the Middle East is unpredictable. Once the establishment of a new regime is not in alliance with the American government, the loss of the company will be fatal and irresistible. In terms of senators of the oil-producing areas, what concerns them most is nothing more than voters. The fundamental of attracting supporters is to serve them for their benefits. The oil industry has a long chain of sections such as drilling, shipping, refining and marketing. Once an oil extraction center is set up in some place, it will bring infrastructure constructions and the following numerous employments. In this way, senators could possibly absorb more voters and add more weights to their political career. Despite the great influence of these countries, it will exert less impact on American foreign policies. Oil supply is one of the nest interests of America in the Middle East and another one is the existence of Israel and its connection with Arabic countries. Even the oil supply of America can be satisfied domestically, American government will not give up its domination and influence in this area. Actually, if America is able to get rid of the disturbance and shackle from main oil-production countries which is never getting along well with it such as Iran and Iraq, the regional political pattern ad the power comparison will undergo changes. 
 
As for the groups of people who are against the increase in domestic oil production, the voice of the environmentalists can never be ignored. They hold the view that the large-scale oil extraction will definitely cause environmental disaster to one place and break the ecological balance. What should be never concealed is the fact that oil production is not only high-profit but also high-risk. The oil leak in Mexico Gulf is a vivid example. The government should have invest more in the research and development in new and clean energies rather than in old-fashioned and harmful oil industry will is doomed to eliminate sooner or later. A certain number of natives have a long-term thinking about this issue. In their eyes, the health of people and the harmony of the environment and human society take priority over economic benefits. Sometimes it has to be admitted that the intention of these group of people may be made use of by the government as an excuse in the struggle of oil in foreign countries. Objectively, this attitude will give the government more mighty and confidence to grasp other countries’ oil. 

The Theory of Complex Interdependence put forward by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye has two important definitions: vulnerability and sensibility. This domestic conflict can be regarded as a presentation of this theory. 

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