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建立人际资源圈The Changes of the American Identity in the past One Hundred Years
2015-07-03 来源: 51due教员组 类别: Essay范文
本文主要讲述的是关于美国在过去的一百年身份的不断变迁的essay范文。文中主要从过去一百年的美国思想、文化、经济、政治等多方面的变化进行阐述，也进一步得出美国的不断身份的不断变迁的改变的重要性以及对现在社会存在的影响。
It is said that the American Creed has been considered as the main idea of Americn Identity. "I believe in the United States of America, as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon these principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes" (Wikipedia) This list of the terms which characterized the American identity has been abstracted by Huntington. He defines the American Creed as embodying the “principles of liberty, equality, individualism, representative government, and private property” and claimed that this identity was created by the founding fathers of the United States and inherited by current people. I agree with the Huntington's point of view about the American identity. The intricate problem must be noticed is that, since the founding father did not consider the native people and black people as members of their community, when they are drafting their Manifestation or Declaration, they did not have this group of people in mind and the idea of equality had not been applied to them. Also, at that time, even women in British did not have political liberty, in the North America, women were not taken into account in the Manifestation, either. Thus, before the 20th century, the idea of equality has not been substantially applied to the American society and even today, discrimination against certain groups of people still exists in some form. However, the extent of equality did evolve in the past one hundred. If it is possible to claim that the American identity has changed in the past one hundred year, it is the progress of equality in the society.
By our current notion of equality, we mean that man and women politically have equal political rights, economically have equal opportunity in the workplace, and culturally have equal concern and respect. However, in more than one hundred years ago, people in America did not take it for granted. Though in the United States Declaration of Independence, people are created equal and it is there inalienable right, just as what has been mentioned previously, women do not have right to vote. However, it was the effort made by the first generation of feminism which contributed to the extension of political rights to women. In the late 1800's, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony began to campaign for women's suffrage in the United States. Leaders of this campaign listed the discrimination women confronted in the political area and suggest how women should be regarded in their political life. It was until 1920 that the universal suffrage was applied by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thus, political equality in women was achieve since that time. However, women still had little opportunity to work at the factory and other workplace before the Second World War, but worked as housewives. During the War, women worked the first time to in the workplaces because of the shortage of labor. They found that they performed as well as man did, which sparked the Second-wave feminism. During this period, the book The Feminine Mystique and the National Organization for Women brought about women's awareness of the equality with man in the aspect of the workplaces. Thus, during this period, the notion of equality has been applied to women's equality in economy. The Third-wave Feminism was sparked in the 1990s, which emphasized the elimination of the concept femininity. Though it is said that "the Third Wave did not have a central or specific goal that they wanted to focus all their efforts into" (Wikipedia), as far as I am concerned, the third Wave seems to lead to the elimination of discrimination in culture and highlight the notion of equality in culture.
Now, it is time to consider the application of the notion of equality to the issue of races. The relation between the black and the white people was zigzagging since the birth of this nation. Before the birth of the United States the black in the south were considered as tools capable of language. They were not membesr of the new continent and were enslaved. Naturally, the Constitution of the new nation did not grant to equal right to the black people, which laid to landmine of the Civil War from 1861 to the 1865. From the end of the war to the era of the Reconstruction, three Amendments to the Constitution gave the black people equal rights constitutionally. They are, "The Thirteenth Amendment which abolished slavery”, “The Fourteenth Amendment included the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens, and the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons", “The Fifteenth Amendment, prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (Wikipedia) However, in the post-Reconstruction era, the black people's rights were hindered by violence from the KKK party and disenfranchised by the local government. For instance, some southern states passed new constitution or laws to create barriers to voter. The segregation between the white and the black through education was flagrant. Thus the equality of two races was only superficial in the early twentieth century. However, it is the serious resistance launched in the Civil Right Movement which established real equality between races. Famous resistance include to Montgomery Bus Boycott from 1955 to 1956 leading by Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks, Desegregation Little Rock Central High School in 1957, and subsequent Sit-ins sparked by four black students from 1958 to 1960.
Due to the Civil Right Movement, many legislative changes were launched. For instance, in 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, making discriminations based on race, color and other backgrounds in the workplace or other public places illegal. In order to restore the disenfranchised voting rights in the post-Reconstruction era, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was established. What's more, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 which broadened the nationality of immigrants and the Fair housing Act of 1968 which give the black people equal prices and accesses to housing were passed.
In conclusion, changes of the identity of the American people in the past one hundred years lies in the extent of the application of the notion to the society. Since while the notions of individualism and liberty which characterized the American identity were established in people life since the birth of the nation, the notion of equality confined to a specific group of people--the male white people. Thus the extension of the notion of equality to the black and female characterized to changes of identity of American people and this changes was driven be bloody war, movement, resistance and hatred.
Works Cited
Wikipedia: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness
Wikipedia: Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Are_We%3F_The_Challenges_to_America's_National_Identity
Wikipedia: Feminism in the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States
Wikipedia: American's Creed
It is said that the American Creed has been considered as the main idea of Americn Identity. "I believe in the United States of America, as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon these principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes" (Wikipedia) This list of the terms which characterized the American identity has been abstracted by Huntington. He defines the American Creed as embodying the “principles of liberty, equality, individualism, representative government, and private property” and claimed that this identity was created by the founding fathers of the United States and inherited by current people. I agree with the Huntington's point of view about the American identity. The intricate problem must be noticed is that, since the founding father did not consider the native people and black people as members of their community, when they are drafting their Manifestation or Declaration, they did not have this group of people in mind and the idea of equality had not been applied to them. Also, at that time, even women in British did not have political liberty, in the North America, women were not taken into account in the Manifestation, either. Thus, before the 20th century, the idea of equality has not been substantially applied to the American society and even today, discrimination against certain groups of people still exists in some form. However, the extent of equality did evolve in the past one hundred. If it is possible to claim that the American identity has changed in the past one hundred year, it is the progress of equality in the society.
By our current notion of equality, we mean that man and women politically have equal political rights, economically have equal opportunity in the workplace, and culturally have equal concern and respect. However, in more than one hundred years ago, people in America did not take it for granted. Though in the United States Declaration of Independence, people are created equal and it is there inalienable right, just as what has been mentioned previously, women do not have right to vote. However, it was the effort made by the first generation of feminism which contributed to the extension of political rights to women. In the late 1800's, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony began to campaign for women's suffrage in the United States. Leaders of this campaign listed the discrimination women confronted in the political area and suggest how women should be regarded in their political life. It was until 1920 that the universal suffrage was applied by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thus, political equality in women was achieve since that time. However, women still had little opportunity to work at the factory and other workplace before the Second World War, but worked as housewives. During the War, women worked the first time to in the workplaces because of the shortage of labor. They found that they performed as well as man did, which sparked the Second-wave feminism. During this period, the book The Feminine Mystique and the National Organization for Women brought about women's awareness of the equality with man in the aspect of the workplaces. Thus, during this period, the notion of equality has been applied to women's equality in economy. The Third-wave Feminism was sparked in the 1990s, which emphasized the elimination of the concept femininity. Though it is said that "the Third Wave did not have a central or specific goal that they wanted to focus all their efforts into" (Wikipedia), as far as I am concerned, the third Wave seems to lead to the elimination of discrimination in culture and highlight the notion of equality in culture.
Now, it is time to consider the application of the notion of equality to the issue of races. The relation between the black and the white people was zigzagging since the birth of this nation. Before the birth of the United States the black in the south were considered as tools capable of language. They were not membesr of the new continent and were enslaved. Naturally, the Constitution of the new nation did not grant to equal right to the black people, which laid to landmine of the Civil War from 1861 to the 1865. From the end of the war to the era of the Reconstruction, three Amendments to the Constitution gave the black people equal rights constitutionally. They are, "The Thirteenth Amendment which abolished slavery”, “The Fourteenth Amendment included the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens, and the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons", “The Fifteenth Amendment, prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (Wikipedia) However, in the post-Reconstruction era, the black people's rights were hindered by violence from the KKK party and disenfranchised by the local government. For instance, some southern states passed new constitution or laws to create barriers to voter. The segregation between the white and the black through education was flagrant. Thus the equality of two races was only superficial in the early twentieth century. However, it is the serious resistance launched in the Civil Right Movement which established real equality between races. Famous resistance include to Montgomery Bus Boycott from 1955 to 1956 leading by Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks, Desegregation Little Rock Central High School in 1957, and subsequent Sit-ins sparked by four black students from 1958 to 1960.
Due to the Civil Right Movement, many legislative changes were launched. For instance, in 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, making discriminations based on race, color and other backgrounds in the workplace or other public places illegal. In order to restore the disenfranchised voting rights in the post-Reconstruction era, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was established. What's more, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 which broadened the nationality of immigrants and the Fair housing Act of 1968 which give the black people equal prices and accesses to housing were passed.
In conclusion, changes of the identity of the American people in the past one hundred years lies in the extent of the application of the notion to the society. Since while the notions of individualism and liberty which characterized the American identity were established in people life since the birth of the nation, the notion of equality confined to a specific group of people--the male white people. Thus the extension of the notion of equality to the black and female characterized to changes of identity of American people and this changes was driven be bloody war, movement, resistance and hatred.
Works Cited
Wikipedia: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness
Wikipedia: Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Are_We%3F_The_Challenges_to_America's_National_Identity
Wikipedia: Feminism in the United States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States
Wikipedia: American's Creed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Creed
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