北美作业代写：Price discrimination

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Price discrimination，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了价格歧视。价格歧视，指的就是一家厂商在同一时间对同一产品向不同购买者收取两种或两种以上的价格，或对于不完全相同的商品，厂商收取的价格差别远大于成本差别。要实施价格歧视就必须让产品的需求与其价格成反比，即厂商能够以合理的成本进行市场细分，还有不同购买者之间贱买贵卖的转卖行为必须阻止。

Price discrimination is also called the price difference, it is to point to a vendor at the same time for the same product to different buyers for the price of two or more, or for not identical goods, manufacturers charge the price difference is greater than the cost difference. In order to implement price discrimination, some conditions must be met: the demand of products is inversely proportional to its price, that is, the manufacturer can conduct market segmentation at a reasonable cost. The resale of cheap and expensive goods between different buyers must be stopped. Different buyers have different degrees of demand for products.

Level of price discrimination to each customer for the reserve price, this kind of price discrimination producer surplus, consumer surplus of all can be converted to the manufacturer's marginal revenue line of demand curve is given by him. Secondary price discrimination refers to that manufacturers sell products of different production units at different prices, but different types of consumers pay the same price for the same quantity of products. Price discrimination refers to that manufacturers sell products at different prices to consumers in different markets, but each particular type of consumer obtains unit products at the same price.

The essence of price discrimination is that manufacturers use their own information advantages to transform consumer surplus into producer surplus through certain means. As long as the price consumers pay to manufacturers does not exceed their reserve price, there is no reason for us to say that manufacturers harm consumers through price discrimination. Under the condition of complete monopoly, monopoly to MR = MC to determine production Q1, and consumers' willingness to pay for P1, at this time so that the whole social welfare loss is triangle ABC, this is a deadweight loss. If the monopolistic manufacturer now adopts the price discrimination strategy, the final price demanded by the manufacturer from the consumer is P2, and the corresponding output is Q2 under the condition of complete competition. Therefore, under the strategy of price discrimination, enterprises with monopoly power can eliminate the unnecessary loss of the whole society under the condition of monopoly and improve the welfare of manufacturers and consumers. Therefore, in a monopoly industry, breaking a single pricing strategy and implementing price discrimination is essentially an offset to the negative effects of monopoly itself.

Differential pricing based on the principle of price discrimination will bring a win-win situation for producers and consumers. Its advantages are as follows:

For manufacturers, compared with the dominant one price on the market, through the implementation of price discrimination, manufacturers charge different prices to each consumers can save those who are willing to pay high prices for consumers, but also can attract consumers willing to pay at a low price, only more than charge a single price close to the consumers' willingness to pay, so that the manufacturer's profit increase.

Consumers can be divided into two types: first, high-end consumers who pursue individualization are price insensitive; Another kind of customers pay more attention to the cost performance of the product, belong to the price sensitive type. If a differential price is applied, a higher price will be imposed on one part of the quantity of the commodity and a lower price on the other part of the quantity. In this way, it can not only increase the profits of producers, but also meet the needs of other consumers and form a new consumer market. Obviously, at this time, "price discrimination" not only increases the profits of producers, but also satisfies consumers' desire to consume.

Improve fair trading and improve market allocation efficiency. For most of the normal goods, the successful application of price discrimination, compared with the single pricing strategy, to pay a lower price consumers can spend less money to buy more goods and services, it is actually a from high-income to low-income groups for redistribution process of consumer goods. From this perspective, price discrimination, as a multiple pricing strategy, not only increases the profits of manufacturers, but also makes the distribution of consumption more equitable.

Generally, large enterprises will have multiple brands and form a brand group, so that different brands can be used to set different prices for consumers of different levels. P&g also regularly USES this strategy. Sometimes many enterprises launch products with the same or little difference, but use different packaging and different names, in order to capture consumers with different needs. This is a marketing strategy of the business.

If the enterprise is small and difficult to support multiple brands, it can also adopt multiple varieties and launch multiple series of methods under one brand. Prices can be discriminated against as long as the product is different and the product is personalized.

The strategy is to divide consumers into two or more groups with different demand curves. Airlines often use this strategy, dividing cabins into premium, common and low-class cabins, thus grouping consumers. The benefits of this discrimination are enormous.

As long as you comply with the general condition of price discrimination is product individuation, there are differences, you can use the difference to name it as different brands, different series, or a variety of combination, and then use this discrimination strategy.

In order to improve the allocation efficiency of higher education resources and improve the quality of education products, the fees of each university should be determined by consumers and market competition. Therefore, it is necessary to liberalize price restrictions and implement differential fees, so that tuition fees can become a signal of the quality of higher education and a means to adjust supply and demand, so as to establish and improve the market competition mechanism of higher education. On the basis of national limited education resources, on the demand of the students of education, family economic conditions, education quality is different, for individual discriminating toll collection, to make our country's higher education to fully meet the demand of the people study. This differential charge is the price discrimination in higher education application, this application has its necessity. Implementing price discrimination of education can promote higher education institutions to improve the service quality of education. The implementation of education price discrimination can maximize the benefits of universities. Education price discrimination is conducive to the realization of education fairness.

Price discrimination has been applied in many industries and reflected, as long as it can increase the profit of manufacturer and consumer utility, which makes the welfare of society as a whole increased, then such price discrimination is good, is our worth recommending.

Compared with the uniform price of enterprises, price discrimination can increase the profits of enterprises. On the other hand, it can also increase the surplus of some consumers. So this is sort of a pareto improvement; Even if it's not pareto improvement, it's also caldor -- hicks improvement, which can improve social welfare. In many cases, price discrimination is a good thing. But everything has two sides. Price discrimination can increase social welfare in most cases. In this case, the company made a high profit. In addition, under certain conditions, price discrimination may be counterproductive in reducing social welfare. This requires us not to make arbitrary judgments in the face of price discrimination.

As a normal economic phenomenon, price discrimination is the inevitable result of the development of market economy. Price discrimination does not necessarily harm the welfare of consumers. While increasing the profits of manufacturers, it is also conducive to increasing the welfare of consumers and forming a win-win situation. With the continuous development of market economy, as a pricing method of products, it is bound to appear in more forms. What we should not make the price discrimination to interfere in it, and should go to study how to price discrimination for manufacturers and consumers, the most advantageous to gain maximum profits, consumers get maximum satisfaction, social welfare to achieve the optimal.

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