British 19th century emotional socialism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- British 19th century emotional socialism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国19世纪情感社会主义。情感社会主义思想家们的成就与手工艺运动的发展是同步的。英国19世纪情感社会主义形成的直接原因在于人们对近代工业文明诸多问题的反思，英国手工艺运动是情感社会主义诞生的母体。在工业文明崛起的背景下，人们越发感受到以信仰道德和情感为基本内容的精神品质的流失，环境资源市场带来的诸多社会问题也面临困境，因此情感社会主义是在包含重建宗教信仰、道德品质和人文情感等伟大传统亟待复兴的背景下产生的。

In the middle of the 19th century, a variety of socialist thoughts were born in Europe, among which British emotional socialism was one of them. From Britain's cultural tradition, social demand and national emotion, emotional socialist ideological trend under the background of industrial civilization, advocate to revive the great tradition, rebuilding belief, morality and emotion, such as the spirit of modern quality, absorption of different areas in different periods in human history and excellent culture, building a harmonious socialism.

In the middle of the 19th century, after the success of the industrial revolution, British society was faced with a comprehensive transformation: political and economic reforms were gradually launched, new cultural and social trends of thought were emerging, and people's lifestyles and ideas were also undergoing fundamental changes. Many socialist thoughts are born in this background. The emotional socialism of Britain in the 19th century discussed in this paper contains many important ideological connotations and historical qualities. What is emotional socialism and whether socialism has a variety of historical forms? The discussion of these problems is helpful for us to understand the nature and type of socialism scientifically. Under the background of the continuous integration of modern economy and technology, the research on the trend of the pluralistic development of socialist ideological trend and construction cause and its related issues has important academic value and practical significance.

British scholars generally believe that the achievements of socialist thinkers and the development of handicraft movement are synchronous. For Elizabeth cumming and others, many of the leaders of the craft movement were socialists. In their opinion, the British handicraft movement has achieved two great achievements at the same time: one is to bring up the British feelings of fraternity; the other is the growth of British socialism. Advocating the traditional emotion of universal love and socialism is closely linked into a whole, perhaps this is indicating the pluralistic coexistence of emotional socialism, contradictory and complementary qualities.

What is emotional socialism? We believe that the nature of emotional socialism, or the origin of the appellation of emotional socialism, mainly comes from the related discussions and basic thoughts of its founder, ruskin, representative figure morris and classic critic Engels.

Western scholars believe that ruskin's socialist thought is very close to Marx in essence. The difference is that Marx advocated politics and class struggle more, while ruskin advocated the development path of philosophy and morality. One day, he thought, the exploited would rise up against the tyranny of their employers. In theory, economists make the fundamental assumption that people are driven by self-interest; In practice, however, they fail to consider that humans are often emotionally driven. "Emotion" is the basic kernel and important viewpoint of ruskin's socialism theory.

Engels said of the socialism created by ruskin and Maurice that Maurice was an emotional socialist. After Maurice's socialist cause suffered a setback and was buried in the books again, Engels criticized him as a fixed type of sentimental socialist. That is to say, "emotion" has always played a decisive role in the lives of ruskin and morris, both when the revolutionary spirit was strong and when the revolutionary passion was frustrated. In the eyes of modern western scholars, emotional socialism is a development mode of handicraft movement, or one of the three paths of British handicraft movement. The first is a development path represented by putin and characterized by religion. Through religion, especially gothic architecture to reflect the religious spirit and personality of the medieval times, so as to achieve the goal of faith reconstruction: the second is the development of education. It refers to the development path of cultivating psychology and feelings through the school approach represented by Owen Jones and Henry cole. The third is the development path of emotional socialism or socialist utopia represented by John ruskin and William morris. It can be seen that from the founder ruskin to the representative Maurice, "emotion" has always been the basic core of this socialist ideological trend and school, so this socialist ideological trend is called emotional socialism.

The direct reason for the formation of emotional socialism in Britain in the 19th century lies in people's reflection on many problems of modern industrial civilization. The British handicraft movement is the mother of the birth of emotional socialism. Under the background of the rise of industrial civilization, the more people feel in the spirit of moral faith and emotions as the basic content of the loss of quality, environment and resources market brings many social problems also face difficulties, so the emotion socialism is contained in reconstruction of religious belief, moral qualities and human feelings such as great tradition to be produced under the background of Renaissance:

In the course of the industrial revolution, population, disease, poverty, environment, resources, health, ecology, war and other problems occurred in British society, causing significant social impact. Along with the growth of economy and technology and the continuous deterioration of material living environment, people's religious belief and moral quality have also undergone fundamental changes. Religious belief is gradually replaced by money belief. In this context, the British government focuses on the plunder of resources and markets, rather than the solution of people's life and social problems, thus putting the lives of ordinary British people and the development of the whole society into a dilemma.

The national spirit in the form of handicraft and with the connotation of faith and morality has been deeply rooted in the great tradition of the British people. As early as in the middle ages, the British people called the metal craftsman Smith, namely the so-called coppersmith Smith or the goldsmith Smith. According to investigation, this tradition comes from the saxons. Some of the early hammers came from Egypt and later in Hebrew culture.

The revival of ancient traditions has been the basic trend of cultural concepts at that time. The rise of pre-raphaelites and other cultural groups shows that the birth of handicraft movement in Britain in the 19th century has a mature cultural background and social foundation. As early as 1848, they declared their establishment, and aimed at "being faithful to nature", making art the carrier of some great belief other than art, advocating the era of the belief in the middle ages, and realizing the purpose of art through the nostalgia of the middle ages, especially the revival of architectural art. In fact, the pre-raphaelites have established the cultural background for the rise of emotional socialism with the main connotation of the revival of tradition and the reconstruction of faith, and opened the way for it.

In fact, as early as in 1835, putin wrote comparison, which first proposed the "gothic revival", the core category of British handicraft movement in the 19th century, which marked the birth of British handicraft movement. On the whole, British emotional socialism was born in the mother of handicraft movement. Specifically, the development of emotional socialism in the 19th century mainly experienced three historical periods represented by ruskin, morris and ashby.

In the historical process of the internationalization of emotional socialism in Britain in the 19th century, the inherent quality of emotional socialism was gradually lost, but the handicraft as a carrier showed the trend of value orientation nationalization.

First, the spread of emotional socialism in Britain in the 19th century showed an international trend. On the whole, with the spread of British handicraft movement, emotional socialism is developing internationally from Europe and America to east Asia. They spread the thought and essence of emotional socialism to different degrees through exhibitions, publications and international exchanges. For example, in the United States, people can not only feel the exchange of architectural ideas, but also in the domestic construction industry in the United States, especially the architecture of the northeast coast, which is described as "sunshine type architecture", to reproduce the excellent quality of secular subjects in the middle ages advocated by morris with its freshness and quality. That is to say, the emotional socialism in the international period still retains the intrinsic quality and basic characteristics of the British emotional socialism in different ways. However, the emotional socialism in the period of internationalization is no longer as clear-cut as that in the period of ruskin, morris and ashby. The inherent quality of emotional socialism is gradually replaced by the cultural traditions and social needs of different nations and countries.

Secondly, the nationality of the internationalization of British emotional socialism in the 19th century. Emotional socialism basically shows the basic characteristics of linear development on the land of Britain. However, when it comes out of Britain, both the European continent and North America and east Asia have fully displayed the basic characteristics of its national character. In a sense, emotional socialism has the diversified existence pattern of national behavior connotation. This diversity is due to the cultural background of different ethnic groups on the one hand, and the social needs of different ethnic groups on the other hand. The former makes the emotional socialism have different existence style, the latter originates from the different realistic social development demand. In the European continent, Germany emphasizes the rational, rigorous and delicate national tradition, while northwest Europe emphasizes its own national tradition and values the sense of coexistence and cooperation between each other. Things have changed in North America and east Asia, and while the writings of ruskin, morris, ashby and others have had a profound impact, it is hard to escape the historical fact that economic needs were the tools of colonialism.

From the perspective of the whole historical process of emotional socialism, since the handicraft movement is the mother of its birth, the emphasis on traditional culture, especially traditional religious beliefs, ethics and social emotions, has become the core of emotional socialism. However, at the same time, it also has the characteristics of openness and pluralism. Since the 1870s, with the handicraft movement, emotional socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of the country, broken the time limit, and extensively absorbed the excellent cultures of the ancient and modern, the east and the west, especially the harmonious culture from the eastern countryside beyond the British industrialism. It can be seen that the forming elements of emotional socialism come from the broad time domain and historical space, and its basic qualities have plurality and universal significance.

Just like the spread of handicraft, the nationalization of socialism is an inevitable trend. In fact, in addition to traditional culture and social needs, national emotion is also an important reason for the diversification of emotional socialism. Under the influence of Marx and ruskin, morris formed the ideological system of emotional socialism, and showed a strong sense of responsibility and revolution. However, when morris joined the democratic league in 1883, he suddenly felt that socialism came from the European continent and was something foreign. Therefore, sometimes he thought that socialism could not adapt to the development of Britain, and no one even openly admitted that he was a socialist. This phenomenon shows that the different mentality is also an important reason for the ethnic diversity of the socialist ideological trend. In a sense, the essential spirit of emotional socialism is weakened in the historical trend of handicraft movement, but its pluralism and openness is a universal and eternal quality of socialist vitality.

Britain in the 19th century the emotion socialism is a proposition with great tradition, especially the reconstruction of the faith and the moral to promote the harmonious development of the modern civilization of socialism ideological trend, although it is the modern capitalist countries rich color of a kind of ideal social ideological trend, but its historical evolution process and its research still has important academic value and practical significance.

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