English landscape gardens

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- English landscape gardens，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的自然风景式园林。英国自然风景式园林，是世界园林的重要组成部分之一。在其成熟的中后期，这种自由的不规则园林传至欧洲大陆，形成了一个自由式艺术的潮流趋势。英国自然风景园林大众化和开放性的特点和设计方法，对现代景观园林设计有很好的指导作用。

With the development of economic globalization, countries in the world are more closely connected, cultural exchanges between China and the west are increasing, and mutual learning and mutual absorption of Chinese and western garden art become more frequent. However, in the development process of today's gardens, people do not have a deep understanding of the development of western gardens, leading to the blind pursuit of western gardening techniques, resulting in many modern gardens in China do not have Chinese characteristics and style of neither fish nor fowl. In modern times, the appearance of natural landscape architecture in Britain changed the history of European gardens ruled by regular gardens for thousands of years, making it play a milestone role in the development of landscape architecture in Europe and even the world. Therefore, exploring the causes and characteristics of British natural landscape architecture plays a decisive role in understanding both the European landscape architecture system and the whole landscape architecture system.

In the second half of the 18th century, the natural landscape garden originally created by the British became a world garden style which kept pace with the French le notre style garden and the Chinese natural landscape garden. British natural landscapes often imitate different types of natural landscapes such as forests, meadows, marshes, and organize landscapes, individual plants and people's natural beauty according to different topography, water bodies in the landscape, and roads. The natural plant landscape gives a sense of calm and depth. With the rapid development of economy, people long for nature and pursue the colorful seasonal changes brought by plants. Therefore, it has become a new trend and fashion to advocate natural beauty and create natural plant landscape in gardens. In order to apply and learn from this unique art style in a wider range, it is necessary to explore its formation process, so as to provide reference for the construction of plant landscape with Chinese characteristics and long-term artistic vitality.

Britain is an island country in the Atlantic ocean. The territory of the formation of plateaus, low mountains, hills, plains, wide valley and other terrain. Generally, the terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, roughly bounded by the connection from the Essex estuary in southwest England to the tis estuary in the northeast, which is divided into the northwest high region and the southeast low region. The high north-west includes Scotland, wales, Northern Ireland and all of the west of England, with mostly low mountains and low plateaus below 500 metres above sea level. Located in the middle and east of England, the southeast lowland area is an area where hills, cliffs, valleys and plains alternate with each other. The elevation is below 200 meters, and most of the surface undulations are gentle. It is the main distribution area of classical gardens in the 17th and 18th centuries. At the same time, because the British landform is mostly hilly, in order to avoid the large-scale transformation of the terrain and the resulting high construction investment, the British gardens after the 18th century were mainly natural landscape gardens built along the foundation site, making full use of the current situation and expanding and transforming.

In stark contrast to jin nuote's garden, the British natural garden abandoned all geometric shapes and symmetrical layout, and replaced them with curved roads, natural trees and grass, and winding rivers, paying attention to the combination of borrowing scenery and the natural environment outside the garden. The overall characteristics of British natural landscape architecture are natural, clear, bright colors, full of romantic atmosphere.

From the perspective of time, the development of English natural gardens mainly experienced three periods: "manor gardening", "pictorial gardens" and "horticultural school".

In the first stage of the English school of landscape architecture, the pursuit of natural beauty in the art of landscape architecture was focused on a style of "manor gardening". The landscape architecture advocated by brown is a kind of gentle and calm nature, with wide views of lawns and quiet rivers. As for the design features of brown, Mr. Chen zhihua summed it up as four points: one is to completely break the boundary between the garden and the forest garden, so that it is truly integrated into one. Even the ha ha wall that blocks the sight is no longer used. The second is to be good at using trees. In addition to the trees' role in creating a beautiful landscape, they also serve to hide borders and objects that are good for the environment. Third, be good at using water. His gardens are often lake-centered, with open water and natural shorelines. The fourth is the extreme pursuit of purity. Any village, farmhouse, or even vegetable garden or stable that he considers an obstacle to the landscape, should be removed or removed and covered with trees.

Under the influence of romanticism, Chambers developed Wilder and more exciting pictorial landscapes. It has the following characteristics: the memory of medieval pastoral scenery, like to build small gothic buildings and imitate the medieval style of ruins, remnants. He likes to use more wild landscapes such as thatched houses, cottages, caves and waterfalls as elements of the garden, which has the beauty of roughness, variety and small rules. Bold use of exotic landscape elements such as chinese-style pagodas in the qiu yuan and chinese-style caves favored in other round gardens.

As a result of the development of European capitalism and the overseas trade and colonial expansion of British enterprises, famous flowers of different plants all over the world were successively handed down, thus forming the main genre of the 19th century, "the horticulture school of natural wind garden". This school of landscape architecture has some new characteristics under the original appearance of natural landscape. In addition, often set irregular flower bed on meadow, with all sorts of flowers close plant together, florescence, color and plant form all pass careful collocation; Trees also pay attention to their height, crown, posture and the change of the seasons, skillfully with collocation. This kind of landscape architecture, which is more commercial and eclectic, meets the needs of the commercial era and gradually becomes the mainstream in the 19th century, and directly affects the world garden art in the 20th century.

There are many differences between Chinese traditional gardens and western gardens in geometric layout. Chinese gardens take "natural beauty" as the starting point of creation. Buildings, water bodies, flowers and trees, stone scenes and other elements are harmoniously matched with the environment, and all elements live and blend together, forming the natural state of "wan zi tian kai". The west also pays attention to the beauty of nature, but westerners believe that nature cannot achieve perfect effects without human's modification and treatment. Therefore, western gardens include nature through artificial means and divide garden space by geometric figures. Although the British natural landscape garden is against the western garden system, it also takes "nature" as the creative source and freely arranges the landscape. The garden elements are harmoniously matched with the poetic and artistic environment, which seems to be generated naturally. Chinese and English gardens share many similarities in the treatment of garden elements, and each is rich in artistic conception of poetry and painting. However, it is a garden system growing under the background of eastern and western culture, and its elements and artistic conception of poetry and painting are different under the influence of different ideas and ways of thinking.

There are many similarities between English and Chinese garden art in terms of artistic principles and aesthetic pursuit. But in essence, Chinese and western natural style gardens are still two totally different styles of garden art. After the 17th century, British empirical philosophy and Chinese traditional philosophy grasped nature and the relationship between man and nature in different ways. Related to this, British landscape gardens show the beauty of the objective world, while Chinese gardens pursue the symbolic creativity of "the unity of man and nature". In general, "nature" shows different characters in the two types of gardens, that is, the British natural style is an outgoing nature, while the Chinese garden is an introverted nature.

English natural garden is one of the important parts of the world garden. In the middle and late period of its maturity, this kind of free and irregular garden spread to the European continent, forming a trend of free art. This kind of garden system also has positive guiding significance for modern landscape architecture. The characteristics and design methods of English natural landscape architecture are popular and open, which can guide the design of modern landscape architecture.

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