The jewish lobby in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The jewish lobby in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的犹太游说集团。长期以来，美国在中东地区执行亲以色列政策。在整个现代史上，除以色列以外，还没有另一个国家从美国那里取得了生存的权利，得到了如此多的支持。这些使得美以之间长期保持着一种“特殊关系”。这种特殊关系的形成，除了美以之间在文化、宗教、政治等方面的认同和美国对以色列战略作用的考虑之外，美国的犹太游说集团也发挥了巨大影响力。另外，美国的犹太游说集团拥有的内在资源包括有效的组织资源和巨大的选举资源。

For a long time, the United States has implemented a pro-Israel policy in the Middle East region, which is manifested in favoring Israel in the Arab-Israeli dispute, helping Israel through economic and military assistance, and supporting Israel in international politics. Abba eban, a former Israeli foreign minister, once said: "no other country in modern history has received so much support for the right to exist from the United States as Israel." All these make the United States and Israel maintain a "special relationship" for a long time. The formation of this special relationship, in addition to the cultural, religious and political identity between the United States and Israel and the consideration of the strategic role of the United States in Israel, the American jewish lobby group also played a huge influence.

For various interest groups, resources are the basis of their survival, and internal resources are the decisive factor of their political power. The inherent resources of the American jewish lobby include effective organizational resources and enormous electoral resources.

There are about 500 national and local jewish organizations in the United States, many of them linked to Israel. Since the 1950s, the American Israel public affairs committee and the conference of chairmen of major American jewish organizations have played a major role when it comes to issues concerning Israel. The us-israel committee is the core and baton of the American jewish community in influencing the United States congress.

In 1951, then-israeli embassy diplomat I. L. SyKenen became executive director of the zionist council of the United States and began lobbying the U.S. congress for Israel. The state department then challenged that the zionist council of America was a tax-exempt organization that could not lobby on behalf of a foreign government and should be registered as a "foreign agent." To avoid accusations of misconduct, the zionist public affairs council of the United States was established on March 22, 1954. Kennan continued as executive director and was renamed the American-israel public affairs committee in 1959.

The us-israel committee is a highly centralized and institutionalized organization. At its core is an 18-member executive committee, elected by 150 representatives of some 38 organizations and coalitions, including the richest and most influential activists in the jewish community, most of them leaders of other relevant organizations. The executive board meets once a month to address specific issues of concern to them, while day-to-day affairs and crisis situations are largely handled by the executive director. Beauty with committee full-time staff is composed of lobbyists and wast, and staff, as a result of this organization value those "rich experience and talents with initiative spirit", so it mainly from Capitol hill and other political activity to recruit full-time staff at places, the people familiar with the operation of U.S. policy, especially the operation procedure, and in foreign affairs, communications and the operations of the American jewish community with all kinds of knowledge and skills. In addition, the American-israeli commission is aided by key aides in the executive and legislative branches, as well as by senators and senators. As "owners of exact information," they are an "invisible element of decision-making" that determines what the commission "may or may not get."

Beauty to the committee's headquarters in Washington, d.c., consists of the near east report office and some research and information institutions, daily work of all the decisions were made by the headquarters in Washington. In New York, San Francisco and Austin, Texas, and three offices, responsible for coordinating the local political activities and fundraising. These regional offices and national jewish local alliance and closely related to the jewish community relations committee, thereby expanding the beauty based on the committee's support. Beauty to gradually develop into a highly specialized committee, broad-based, contact effective organization.

The first meeting of the presidency was held as an informal BBS in March 1954. On March 5, 1955, 16 jewish organizations attended the first public meeting of the presidency in Washington. The conference now consists of leaders of more than 50 jewish organizations and has a rotating President, who is elected every two years from among its members. The chairperson's meeting is a coordinating group of major jewish organizations with different goals, responsible for agreeing and articulating a "jewish position" on most foreign policies and presenting it to the White House or state department. "The influence of the chairman's meeting arises from the fact that once its members have agreed on an issue, a statement or an action. It can then "speak or act" on behalf of 35 national organizations, putting enormous pressure on the government.

In addition to the us-israel Committee and the chairmen's meeting, Amebean Jewish Committee, anti-defamation league, American Jewish Congress and other important Jewish organizations have their own representatives in Washington, especially on Capitol hill. Their common primary concern is the issue of Israel. Besides, each organization also focuses on different issues. Because they are not single-issue organizations, they have less influence than the israeli-American commission, but because their members maintain close ties with influential figures in congress and the U.S. government, their role is as important as that of organizations in Washington.

These major jewish organizations in the United States are linked by several national organizations, forming a highly centralized network mechanism. Most of the organizations under the chairperson's council are also members of the American-israeli committee, which is itself a member of the council. The council also has a number of associations with the national advisory council on jewish community relations. As a result, the three largest jewish organizations in the United States have long been virtually united and connected. Moreover, since the conference of chairmen has always been devoted to the executive branch, while the American-israeli committee has been focused on congress, the two most important jewish political organizations have essentially formed a division of labor.

The electoral resources of the jewish lobby are primarily jewish votes. The United States has about 6 million jews, though accounts for only about 3000 of the total population, but more than 90% of a strong sense of participation to make them into took an active part in elections, and the United States about half would not eligible voters to vote, so the jews out of the total in the presidential election by more than 4% of the vote, to some extent, this makes up the defect of the small. In states with a high concentration of jews, the proportion is even higher. For example, in New York state, jewish people account for about 14% of the population of the state, but the proportion of voting in the state's ballots reaches 16-20%, an increase of 2-6%. And 89 percent of jews live in 12 states with critical electoral votes, making them one of the most powerful voting blocs in the country.

The importance of the American jewish vote, which is a single-target swing vote bloc, is enhanced by the fact that candidates are chosen according to their attitudes towards Israel. Polls show that more than 70 percent of jews believe that "jews should not vote for candidates who are hostile to Israel." Since the winning percentage of votes in congressional and state elections is often less than 5% or 10%, the role of the jewish vote will be highlighted if the competing candidates have different attitudes towards Israel, and the jewish vote may play a decisive role in the election result.

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