Ethic

1. State all the four Ethical Theories. In your opinion which theory is the most relevant for Malaysian infrastructure project' Justify your answer. (12 marks) a. Duty Ethics - duty ethics contends that there are duties that should be performed (the duty to treat others fairly or the duty not to injure others) regardless of whether there acts lead to the most good. b. Virtue Ethics - virtue ethics regards those action as bad that manifest good traits (virtue), and regards those action as bad that display bad traits (vices). this ethical theory focuses on the type of person we should strive to be. c. Utilitarianism - utilitarianism seeks to produce the most utility, define as a balance between good and bad consequences of an action, taking into account the consequences for everyone affected. d. Rights Ethics - rights ethics emphasizes that we all have moral rights, and any action that violates these rights is ethically unacceptable. like duty ethics, the ultimate overall good of the actions is not to be taken into account. 2. There are 2 major ethical issue related to research. Identify and discuss these issues. 1. Honesty in research problem - relates to a states of mind essential to successfully performing research where includes avoiding preconceived notions about what the result will be, being open to changing the hypothesis and ensure the objective frame of mind is still maintained 2. Honesty reporting the result - results must be accurately reported. once the experiment test has been performed, the result must not be overstated but accurate assessment and interpretation of data. 3. Engineered accidents are caused by flow in design. Discuss how you would minimize the risk of this type of accident to happen - There is a Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Ministry of Human Resources (DOSH) that to ensure safety, health and welfare of all persons at all places of work - Type of accident: • procedural accidents - are perhaps the most common and are the result of someone making a bad choice or not following established procedures. for examples, in the airlines industry, procedural accidents are frequently labelled as 'pilot error'. there are accidents caused by the misreading of an important gauge, flying when the weather should have dictated otherwise, of failure to follow regulations and procedures. • engineered accidents - are caused by flaws in the design. there are failures of material devices that do not perform as expected, or devices that do not perform well under all circumstances. for example, microcracks sometimes develop in turbine blades in aircraft engines. when these cracks become severe enough, the blade can fail and break apart. • systemic accidents - are harder to understand and harder to control. they are characteristic of very complex technologies and the complex organization that are required to operate them. a perfect example of this phenomenon is the airline industry. modern aircraft are complicated systems. running them properly requires the work of many individuals, including baggage handlers, mechanics, flight attendants, pilots, goverment regulators and inspectors, and air-traffic controllers. at many stages in the operation of airline, there are chances for mistake to occur, some with serious consequences. often, a single, minor mistake is not significant, but a series of minor mistakes can add up to a disaster. - The risk can be minimizing by: • Employers as a rule must follow the provisions of the Act, Regulations and relevant Codes of Practice and Guidelines and follow best practice and advice. • Employees too must comply with the provisions of the Act and cooperate with employers in their attempt to ensure a safe and healthy workplace 4. Whistle blowing can be very bad from an organization’s point of view because it can lead to distrust, disharmony & an inability of employees to work together. Discuss. 4 type of whistleblowing: • Internal whistleblowing -alarm about wrongdoing stays within the organization • External whistleblowing -Whistleblower goes outside the organization • Open whistleblowing -Whistlebolwer reveals his identity • Anonymous whistleblowing -Whistleblower attempts to keep his identity secret When to whistle • Engaging in activities contrary to the interest of the organization (Interests defined by managers) • Refusing to participate or asking to be relieved in some task • Protesting a policy or action of an organization Practical advice on whistleblowing: 1. Take advantage of any formal or informal processes your org may have for making a protest 2. Determine whether it is better to keep your protest as confidential as possible or to involve others in the process 3. Focus on issues, NOT personalities 4. Keep written records of the process 5. Present positive suggestions in association with your objection